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📖 Constitution Complete Notes + One Shot Revision | Pol Science

 

🌍 Constitution (संविधान)

❇️ What is the Constitution?

🔹 A Constitution is a collection of rules and laws related to the governance (शासन) of a country.
🔹 It gives power and authority to the government and guides how the country is run.
🔹 Citizens follow the laws and rules made according to the Constitution.

📚 Types of Constitution

1️⃣ Written Constitution 📝

🔹 A constitution made by a Constituent Assembly (संविधान सभा) in written form.

✅ Examples: India, America, Japan

2️⃣ Unwritten Constitution 📖

🔹 A constitution based on traditions, customs, court decisions, and old laws instead of a single written document.

✅ Examples: Britain, New Zealand, Israel

 

 

 

⚖️ Functions of the Constitution (संविधान के कार्य)

🔹 The Constitution establishes the three major organs of government 🏛️
➡️ Legislature (व्यवस्थापिका)
➡️ Executive (कार्यपालिका)
➡️ Judiciary (न्यायपालिका)

🔹 It explains the powers and responsibilities of these three organs and also sets limits on their authority. 📜

🔹 The Constitution regulates the relationship 🤝
✔️ Between the three organs of government
✔️ Between the government and the people

🔹 It helps in achieving the social, political and economic goals of the people 🌍 and prevents anarchy (अराजकता) in the country. 🚫

 

 

🇮🇳 Making of the Indian Constitution

⏳ Total Time & Sittings

🔹 The Constitution of India was completed in 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. 📜

🔹 A total of 166 meetings (sittings) were held for making the Constitution. 🏛️

🔹 Around ₹64 lakh was spent on its preparation. 💰

📚 Schedules in the Indian Constitution

🔹 At present, the Indian Constitution has 12 Schedules. 📖

👩 Women Members in the Constituent Assembly

🔹 There were 9 women members in the Constituent Assembly. 🌸

🔹 Important women members included:
✅ Sarojini Naidu
✅ Hansa Mehta
✅ Durgabai Deshmukh
✅ Amrita Kaur
✅ Begum Aizaz Rasul
✅ Vijayalakshmi Pandit

✍️ Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

🔹 On 29 August 1947, a 7-member Drafting Committee was formed under the chairmanship of 👨‍⚖️ Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

🔹 The committee presented the draft of the Constitution to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

 

 

📜 Justice in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution

⚖️ Types of Justice

The Preamble provides 3 types of Justice to the citizens of India 🇮🇳

1️⃣ Social Justice 👥

🔹 It means equality (समानता) in society without discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or status.
🔹 Social justice is mainly protected through Fundamental Rights.

2️⃣ Economic Justice 💰

🔹 It ensures fair opportunities in economic life and reduces inequality between rich and poor.
🔹 Economic justice is mainly included in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

3️⃣ Political Justice 🗳️

🔹 It gives equal political rights to all citizens.
🔹 Includes the Right to Vote (मतदान का अधिकार) and participation in elections.

📝 Important Notes

🔹 The Preamble is considered a part of the Constitution. 📖

🔹 The Preamble is called the “Mirror of the Constitution” because it reflects the ideals and objectives of the Constitution. ✨

 

 

🇮🇳 Sources of the Indian Constitution

🔹 About 75% of the Indian Constitution was taken from the Government of India Act, 1935. 📜

🔹 The idea of 10 Fundamental Rights was taken from the Motilal Nehru Committee Report (1928).

🌍 Sources from Different Countries

🇬🇧 British Constitution

🔹 Parliamentary form of government
🔹 Rule of Law
🔹 Office of the Speaker
🔹 Election on the basis of majority votes

🇺🇸 Constitution of America

🔹 Fundamental Rights
🔹 Judicial Review
🔹 Independence of Judiciary

🇮🇪 Constitution of Ireland

🔹 Directive Principles of State Policy

🇫🇷 Constitution of France

🔹 Liberty, Equality & Fraternity

🇨🇦 Constitution of Canada

🔹 Quasi-Federal System 🇮🇳
🔹 Residuary Powers of Centre

 

 

🇮🇳 Features of the Indian Constitution

🔹 Written Constitution made by representatives of the people 📜

🔹 India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic 🇮🇳

🔹 Provides Fundamental Rights & Fundamental Duties ⚖️

🔹 Independent Judiciary 👨‍⚖️

🔹 Parliamentary System of Government 🏛️

🔹 Directive Principles of State Policy 📖

⚙️ Nature of the Indian Constitution

🔒 Rigid Constitution

🔹 Under Article 368, some amendments require a Special Majority in Parliament and support of at least half of the State Legislatures.

🔓 Flexible Constitution

🔹 Many provisions can also be amended by a Simple Majority of Parliament.

 

 

📜 Words Mentioned in the Preamble

⚖️ Justice

🔹 Provides Social, Economic & Political Justice to all citizens.

🕊️ Liberty

🔹 Freedom of thought, expression, belief, religion and worship.

🤝 Equality

🔹 Equal rights for all and end of discrimination.

❤️ Fraternity

🔹 Promotes brotherhood, unity and mutual love among citizens.

☸️ Secularism

🔹 Freedom to follow and practice any religion.

🌍 Socialist

🔹 Government works for public welfare and social equality.

 

 

🌍 Constitution of Nepal & South Africa

🇳🇵 Nepal Constitution Controversy

🔹 Nepal made several constitutions in 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990 & 2006.
🔹 The Madhesi Movement demanded amendments in the Constitution.

📜 Features of a Successful Constitution

🔹 Respect for constitutional provisions by all citizens
🔹 Protection of minorities & equal facilities ⚖️
🔹 Strengthening weaker social groups 🤝
🔹 Protection of freedom for everyone 🕊️

🇿🇦 South Africa Constitution

🔹 Constitution made in December 1996 📖

🔹 Important issues included:
✅ Environmental Protection 🌱
✅ Racial/Class Discrimination 🚫
✅ Housing Problem 🏠
✅ Health Issues 🏥
✅ Global Poverty 🌍

 




Class 12 Political Science End of Bipolarity MCQs with Answers | Part 1 | 2026-27 | Amresh Academy

 

📘 Class 12 Political Science

🌍 Chapter 2: End of Bipolarity (Part 1)

✨ MCQs with Answers | Amresh Academy

🎯 Objective Questions Practice (MCQs)

🔵 1. Which country took over the USSR seat in the United Nations?

💡 (संयुक्त राष्ट्र में USSR की जगह किस देश ने ली?)
👉 A. Russia
👉 B. Lithuania
👉 C. Latvia
👉 D. Ukraine

✅ Answer: A. Russia 🇷🇺

🔵 2. What kind of an alliance was the Warsaw Pact?

💡 (वारसा संधि किस प्रकार का गठबंधन था?)
👉 A. Economic Alliance
👉 B. Military Alliance
👉 C. None of these
👉 D. Political Alliance

✅ Answer: B. Military Alliance ⚔️

🔵 3. Which country in Central Asia witnessed a civil war for ten years?

💡 (किस देश में 10 साल तक गृह युद्ध चला?)
👉 A. Azerbaijan
👉 B. Turkmenistan
👉 C. Tajikistan
👉 D. Uzbekistan

✅ Answer: C. Tajikistan 🔥

🔵 4. What does CIS stand for?

💡 (CIS का पूरा नाम क्या है?)
👉 A. Commonwealth of Independent States
👉 B. Common Independent States
👉 C. Carbon Independent States
👉 D. Commonwealth of Indian States

✅ Answer: A. Commonwealth of Independent States 🌐

🔵 5. Who founded the Bolshevik Communist Party?

💡 (बोल्शेविक पार्टी के संस्थापक कौन थे?)
👉 A. Nikita Khrushchev
👉 B. Stalin
👉 C. Leonid Brezhnev
👉 D. Vladimir Lenin

✅ Answer: D. Vladimir Lenin ✊

🔵 6. Which two republics had violent secessionist movements?

💡 (किन क्षेत्रों में अलगाववादी आंदोलन हुए?)
👉 A. Chechnya & Dagestan
👉 B. Crimea & Dagestan
👉 C. Chechnya & Crimea
👉 D. None

✅ Answer: A. Chechnya & Dagestan ⚠️

🔵 7. Which ideals inspired the Russian Revolution (1917)?

💡 (1917 की क्रांति किस विचारधारा से प्रेरित थी?)
👉 A. Capitalism
👉 B. Socialism
👉 C. Both
👉 D. None

👉 Russian Revolution
✅ Answer: B. Socialism 🔴

🔵 8. Who is credited with Soviet victory in WWII?

💡 (द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में सोवियत जीत का श्रेय किसे जाता है?)
👉 A. Nikita Khrushchev
👉 B. Leonid Brezhnev
👉 C. Joseph Stalin
👉 D. Vladimir Lenin

✅ Answer: C. Joseph Stalin 🪖

🔵 9. When did the Berlin Wall fall?

💡 (बर्लिन दीवार कब गिरी?)
👉 A. January 1990
👉 B. December 1989
👉 C. February 1990
👉 D. November 1989

👉 Fall of the Berlin Wall
✅ Answer: D. November 1989 🧱➡️❌

🔵 10. Which is NOT among the 3 republics that declared USSR disbanded?

💡 (कौन सा देश USSR को खत्म करने वाले 3 देशों में नहीं था?)
👉 A. Chechnya
👉 B. Russia
👉 C. Ukraine
👉 D. Belarus

✅ Answer: A. Chechnya ❌

🔵 11. When did Lithuania start independence movements?

💡 (लिथुआनिया में स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन कब शुरू हुआ?)
👉 A. 1988
👉 B. 1989
👉 C. 1985
👉 D. 1991

✅ Answer: A. 1988 🇱🇹

🔵 12. Who is responsible for the Great Terror (1930s)?

💡 (1930 के दशक के आतंक के लिए कौन जिम्मेदार था?)
👉 A. Nikita Khrushchev
👉 B. B. Yeltsin
👉 C. M. Gorbachev
👉 D. Leonid Brezhnev

👉 (Correct Concept 👇)
👉 Joseph Stalin

✅ Correct Answer: ❗ Joseph Stalin (Options में नहीं दिया गया)

🔵 13. The Chechens belong to which group?

💡 (चेचेन लोग किस धर्म/समूह से हैं?)
👉 A. Buddhist
👉 B. Muslim
👉 C. Christian
👉 D. Jewish

✅ Answer: B. Muslim Ethnic Group ☪️

🔵 14. When was USSR formed?

💡 (USSR कब बना?)
👉 A. 1918
👉 B. 1917
👉 C. 1915
👉 D. 1916

👉 Formation of the Soviet Union
✅ Correct Answer: ❗ 1922 (Options गलत हैं)

🔵 15. Who held the Socialist Bloc together?

💡 (समाजवादी ब्लॉक को किसने जोड़े रखा?)
👉 A. NATO
👉 B. UNO
👉 C. None
👉 D. Warsaw Pact

✅ Answer: D. Warsaw Pact 🛡️

🔵 16. Where was greater nationalist unrest?

💡 (कहाँ ज्यादा राष्ट्रवादी असंतोष था?)
👉 A. Not mentioned
👉 B. Central Asia
👉 C. East Europe
👉 D. Both same

✅ Answer: C. East European Republics 🌍

🔵 17. First elected President of Russia?

💡 (रूस के पहले निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति कौन थे?)
👉 A. M. Gorbachev
👉 B. Leonid Brezhnev
👉 C. Nikita Khrushchev
👉 D. Boris Yeltsin

✅ Answer: D. Boris Yeltsin 🇷🇺

🔵 18. Who proposed Asian Collective Security system?

💡 (एशियाई सामूहिक सुरक्षा प्रणाली किसने प्रस्तावित की?)
👉 A. M. Gorbachev
👉 B. B. Yeltsin
👉 C. Leonid Brezhnev
👉 D. Nikita Khrushchev

👉 Leonid Brezhnev
✅ Answer: C. Leonid Brezhnev 🌏

🔵 19. Who introduced Perestroika & Glasnost?

💡 (Perestroika और Glasnost किसने शुरू की?)
👉 A. Mikhail Gorbachev
👉 B. Khrushchev
👉 C. Brezhnev
👉 D. Yeltsin

✅ Answer: A. Mikhail Gorbachev 🔄

🔵 20. Who resigned on 25 Dec 1991?

💡 (25 दिसम्बर 1991 को किसने इस्तीफा दिया?)
👉 A. Mikhail Gorbachev
👉 B. Brezhnev
👉 C. Yeltsin
👉 D. Khrushchev

✅ Answer: A. Mikhail Gorbachev 📉

 

🟦 1. 🧱 In which year did the Berlin Wall fall?

💡 (बर्लिन दीवार किस वर्ष गिरी?)
👉 A. 1985
👉 B. 1989
👉 C. 1991
👉 D. 1979

👉 Fall of the Berlin Wall
✅ ✔ Answer: B. 1989

🟦 2. 💥 When did the Soviet Union disintegrate?

💡 (सोवियत संघ का विघटन कब हुआ?)
👉 A. 1988
👉 B. 1990
👉 C. 1991
👉 D. 1995

👉 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
✅ ✔ Answer: C. 1991

🟦 3. 🔄 Who introduced Glasnost and Perestroika?

💡 (Glasnost और Perestroika किसने शुरू की?)
👉 A. Stalin
👉 B. Mikhail Gorbachev
👉 C. Lenin
👉 D. Boris Yeltsin

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Mikhail Gorbachev

🟦 4. ⚔️ What type of alliance was the Warsaw Pact?

💡 (वारसा संधि किस प्रकार का गठबंधन था?)
👉 A. Economic
👉 B. Military
👉 C. Cultural
👉 D. Religious

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Military Alliance

🟦 5. 🔴 The political system of the USSR was based on which ideology?

💡 (USSR की राजनीतिक व्यवस्था किस विचारधारा पर आधारित थी?)
👉 A. Capitalism
👉 B. Socialism
👉 C. Liberalism
👉 D. Nationalism

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Socialism

🟦 6. 🌍 How many republics made up the USSR?

💡 (USSR में कितनी गणराज्य थीं?)
👉 A. 10
👉 B. 12
👉 C. 15
👉 D. 20

✅ ✔ Answer: C. 15

🟦 7. 🇷🇺 Which country became the successor of the USSR?

💡 (USSR का उत्तराधिकारी देश कौन बना?)
👉 A. Belarus
👉 B. Russia
👉 C. Ukraine
👉 D. Kazakhstan

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Russia

🟦 8. 💸 What was “Shock Therapy” related to?

💡 (“Shock Therapy” किससे संबंधित था?)
👉 A. Agricultural reforms
👉 B. Transition from communism to capitalism
👉 C. Education policy
👉 D. Science & technology

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Transition to Capitalism

🟦 9. 🇱🇹 Which Baltic state first demanded independence?

💡 (सबसे पहले किस बाल्टिक देश ने स्वतंत्रता की मांग की?)
👉 A. Latvia
👉 B. Lithuania
👉 C. Estonia
👉 D. Ukraine

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Lithuania

🟦 10. ⚔️ In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded which country?

💡 (1979 में सोवियत संघ ने किस देश पर हमला किया?)
👉 A. Vietnam
👉 B. Afghanistan
👉 C. Poland
👉 D. Germany

👉 Soviet–Afghan War
✅ ✔ Answer: B. Afghanistan

🟦 11. 🌎 The end of the Cold War led to dominance of which power?

💡 (शीत युद्ध के अंत के बाद कौन प्रमुख शक्ति बना?)
👉 A. China
👉 B. USA
👉 C. Japan
👉 D. EU

✅ ✔ Answer: B. USA

🟦 12. 🇩🇪 Which country was reunified after Berlin Wall fell?

💡 (बर्लिन दीवार गिरने के बाद कौन सा देश एक हुआ?)
👉 A. Korea
👉 B. Germany
👉 C. Vietnam
👉 D. Poland

👉 German reunification
✅ ✔ Answer: B. Germany

🟦 13. ❌ Which is NOT a reason for USSR collapse?

💡 (निम्न में से कौन USSR के विघटन का कारण नहीं था?)
👉 A. Political stagnation
👉 B. Economic weakness
👉 C. Military defeat in WWII
👉 D. Nationalist movements

✅ ✔ Answer: C. WWII defeat

🟦 14. 📢 What does Glasnost mean?

💡 (Glasnost का अर्थ क्या है?)
👉 A. Restructuring
👉 B. Openness
👉 C. Freedom
👉 D. Democracy

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Openness

🟦 15. 🔄 What does Perestroika mean?

💡 (Perestroika का अर्थ क्या है?)
👉 A. Restructuring
👉 B. Freedom
👉 C. Transparency
👉 D. Democracy

✅ ✔ Answer: A. Restructuring

🟦 16. 👑 Who was the first President of Russia?

💡 (रूस के पहले राष्ट्रपति कौन थे?)
👉 A. Vladimir Putin
👉 B. Boris Yeltsin
👉 C. Mikhail Gorbachev
👉 D. Leonid Brezhnev

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Boris Yeltsin

🟦 17. 🛡️ Which alliance collapsed after Cold War?

💡 (शीत युद्ध के बाद कौन सा गठबंधन समाप्त हुआ?)
👉 A. NATO
👉 B. Warsaw Pact
👉 C. ASEAN
👉 D. OPEC

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Warsaw Pact

🟦 18. 🌐 CIS was formed by—

💡 (CIS किसके द्वारा बनाया गया?)
👉 A. Baltic States
👉 B. Russia + former USSR republics
👉 C. NATO
👉 D. EU

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Russia & former republics

🟦 19. 🏭 Soviet model emphasized—

💡 (सोवियत मॉडल किस पर आधारित था?)
👉 A. Free market
👉 B. State control
👉 C. Private ownership
👉 D. Democracy

✅ ✔ Answer: B. State control

🟦 20. 🌎 Which superpower dominated after 1991?

💡 (1991 के बाद कौन महाशक्ति बना?)
👉 A. Russia
👉 B. USA
👉 C. China
👉 D. UK

✅ ✔ Answer: B. USA

🟦 21. ⚠️ Negative effect of Shock Therapy?

💡 (Shock Therapy का नकारात्मक प्रभाव क्या था?)
👉 A. Poverty
👉 B. Inequality
👉 C. Industrial decline
👉 D. All

✅ ✔ Answer: D. All of the above

🟦 22. 🗣️ Which policy allowed freedom of expression?

💡 (किस नीति ने अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता दी?)
👉 A. Perestroika
👉 B. Glasnost
👉 C. Privatisation
👉 D. Communism

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Glasnost

🟦 23. 🌍 Who called USSR collapse the “greatest geopolitical catastrophe”?

💡 (किसने USSR के विघटन को सबसे बड़ी त्रासदी कहा?)
👉 A. Gorbachev
👉 B. Yeltsin
👉 C. Vladimir Putin
👉 D. Brezhnev

✅ ✔ Answer: C. Vladimir Putin

🟦 24. 🌐 Which organisation replaced GATT (1995)?

💡 (1995 में GATT को किसने replace किया?)
👉 A. IMF
👉 B. WTO
👉 C. UNCTAD
👉 D. EU

👉 World Trade Organization
✅ ✔ Answer: B. WTO

🟦 25. ☢️ Which USSR republics had nuclear weapons?

💡 (किन गणराज्यों के पास परमाणु हथियार थे?)
👉 A. Ukraine
👉 B. Belarus
👉 C. Kazakhstan
👉 D. All

✅ ✔ Answer: D. All of the above

🟦 26. 🛡️ NATO was formed in which year?

💡 (NATO कब बना?)
👉 A. 1945
👉 B. 1949
👉 C. 1955
👉 D. 1962

👉 NATO
✅ ✔ Answer: B. 1949

🟦 27. ⛽ Soviet economy depended on—

💡 (सोवियत अर्थव्यवस्था किस पर निर्भर थी?)
👉 A. Agriculture
👉 B. Oil & resources
👉 C. Tourism
👉 D. Investment

✅ ✔ Answer: B. Oil & Resources

🟦 28. 💰 Marshall Plan was related to—

💡 (Marshall Plan किससे संबंधित था?)
👉 A. Soviet reconstruction
👉 B. Europe + US aid
👉 C. Asia
👉 D. Africa

👉 Marshall Plan
✅ ✔ Answer: B. European reconstruction

🟦 29. 🇺🇸 US President during USSR collapse?

💡 (USSR के विघटन के समय अमेरिका का राष्ट्रपति कौन था?)
👉 A. Reagan
👉 B. George H. W. Bush
👉 C. Clinton
👉 D. Carter

✅ ✔ Answer: B. George H.W. Bush

🟦 30. 🧊 Cold War ka end kis year mana jata hai?

💡 (शीत युद्ध का अंत किस वर्ष माना जाता है?)
👉 A. 1989
👉 B. 1990
👉 C. 1991
👉 D. 1995

✅ ✔ Answer: C. 1991

🚀 🔥 QUICK REVISION BOOSTER

✔ Cold War 🧊
✔ USSR Collapse 💥
✔ Glasnost 📢
✔ Perestroika 🔄
✔ NATO vs Warsaw ⚔️

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