Notes on Vijayanagara: An Imperial Capital
1. Introduction to Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara, meaning “city of victory,” was both a city and an empire.
Established in the fourteenth century, it stretched from the Krishna River in the north to the southern peninsula.
Deserted after its sacking in 1565, it lived on as Hampi, named after the local goddess Pampadevi.
2. The Discovery of Hampi
2.1 Early Rediscovery
Rediscovered in 1800 by Colonel Colin Mackenzie, who created the first survey map.
Initial data came from the memories of Virupaksha temple priests.
2.2 Contributions of Scholars
From 1856, photographers began documenting Hampi’s monuments.
Epigraphists collected inscriptions starting in 1836.
Historians utilized foreign travelers’ accounts and regional literature to reconstruct the city’s history.
3. Rayas, Nayakas, and Sultans
3.1 Foundation of Vijayanagara
Founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka, as evidenced by epigraphy and tradition.
The empire’s rulers, called rayas, patronized diverse cultures and architectural styles.
3.2 Kings and Traders
Warfare relied heavily on cavalry; horses were imported from Arabia and Central Asia.
The Portuguese influenced trade with muskets and trading posts from 1498.
The empire was noted for its markets in spices, textiles, and precious stones.
3.3 Apogee and Decline
Krishnadeva Raya (ruled 1509-29) expanded the empire and commissioned notable temples.
Following his death, rebellions and military defeats led to the empire’s decline.
The sacking of Vijayanagara at Rakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota) in 1565 marked its downfall.
3.4 The Rayas and Nayakas
Military chiefs (nayakas) governed territories under the amara-nayaka system.
Nayakas retained tax revenue for personal use while maintaining forces for the empire.
Over time, they established independent kingdoms, contributing to the empire’s collapse.
4. The Capital and Its Environs
4.1 Water Resources
Vijayanagara was located in the Tungabhadra River basin, with granite hills forming a natural defense.
Embankments and tanks like Kamalapuram tank stored and managed water.
The Hiriya canal drew water from the Tungabhadra for irrigation and urban use.
4.2 Fortifications and Roads
The city had seven lines of forts, enclosing agricultural tracts and urban centers.
Fortifications used wedge-shaped masonry without mortar.
Roads extended from temple gateways and were lined with bazaars.
4.3 The Urban Core
Ordinary houses were built of thatch, arranged by occupation, and aligned in long streets.
Rich traders occupied areas with fine Chinese porcelain.
Numerous shrines and tanks catered to the spiritual and practical needs of residents.
5. The Royal Centre
5.1 Key Features
Contained over 60 temples and around 30 palace-like structures.
Notable structures include the audience hall and the mahanavami dibba.
5.2 Mahanavami Dibba
A massive platform used for ceremonies like worship, processions, and army inspections.
Marked by intricate carvings and associated with symbolic displays of power.
5.3 Lotus Mahal
An elegant structure with Indo-Islamic architectural influences.
Likely served as a council chamber or royal meeting hall.
5.4 Hazara Rama Temple
Decorated with Ramayana scenes; likely reserved for royal use.
6. The Sacred Centre
6.1 Sacred Geography
Located in the rocky northern part of the city, associated with the goddess Pampadevi and Virupaksha.
Temples functioned as centers of learning, culture, and administration.
6.2 Architectural Innovations
Featured grand raya gopurams (royal gateways) and mandapas (pavilions).
The Virupaksha temple expanded under Krishnadeva Raya, with intricately carved pillars.
6.3 Vitthala Temple
Known for its stone chariot and pillared halls, reflecting imperial culture.
7. Planning and Mapping
7.1 Early Efforts
Colin Mackenzie’s surveys and photographs by Alexander Greenlaw documented Hampi.
7.2 Modern Conservation
Archaeological Survey of India and global scholars have meticulously mapped and preserved the site.
7.3 Marketplaces
Bazaars stocked with provisions, gems, and imported goods flourished within the city.
Travelers described Vijayanagara’s markets as vibrant and well-supplied.
8. Legacy of Vijayanagara
8.1 Architectural Influence
Inspired regional building traditions, including temples and forts.
8.2 Symbolism and Memory
Celebrated in literature and art as a symbol of cultural and imperial grandeur.
8.3 UNESCO Recognition
Declared a World Heritage Site in 1986, preserving its historical and cultural significance.
