Chapter 8: The Making of the National Movement (1870s–1947)
Introduction
This chapter explores the events leading to the rise of nationalism in India and the struggle for independence from British rule.
The chapter examines the social, economic, and political factors that led Indians to question British authority and demand self-rule.
Emergence of Nationalism
2.1 Early Nationalist Associations
The 19th century saw the formation of various political associations led by English-educated professionals, such as lawyers and educators.
Key organizations included the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Indian Association, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association, and eventually the Indian National Congress.
2.2 Concept of “Sarvajanik”
The term “Sarvajanik”, meaning “for all the people,” was central to the goals of these associations, which aimed to represent all Indians, irrespective of caste, class, or religion.
Early Discontent and Repressive British Policies
3.1 Arms Act (1878) and Vernacular Press Act
The Arms Act of 1878 restricted Indians from owning firearms, and the Vernacular Press Act curbed freedom of the press, targeting newspapers critical of the government.
3.2 Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883)
The Ilbert Bill proposed allowing Indian judges to try British offenders, which sparked opposition from the British community in India and led to its withdrawal. This fueled Indian anger against racial discrimination.
Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
4.1 Founding of the Congress
Established in 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed to unite Indians against British rule and to seek greater political representation for Indians.
4.2 Moderate Phase (1885–1905)
The Moderate leaders of the Congress advocated gradual reforms, raised issues of public interest, and hoped to influence British policies through petitions and meetings.
Rise of Radical Nationalism
5.1 Leaders of Radical Nationalism
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai criticized the Congress Moderates for their slow approach, pushing for more assertive methods of protest.
5.2 Partition of Bengal (1905) and the Swadeshi Movement
The partition of Bengal in 1905 sparked protests across India and led to the Swadeshi Movement, promoting the use of Indian-made goods and boycotting British products.
Mass Nationalism and Gandhi’s Leadership
6.1 Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
The Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison suspects without trial, leading to protests. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, where British troops killed unarmed civilians, intensified anti-British sentiment.
6.2 Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement (1920)
Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Non-Cooperation Movement urged Indians to boycott British institutions and adopt Swadeshi practices.
The Khilafat Movement aimed to support the Turkish Khalifa, aligning Indian Muslims with the broader nationalist movement.
Civil Disobedience and the Salt March (1930)
7.1 Salt Satyagraha
Gandhi launched the Salt March to Dandi, protesting the British monopoly on salt. This act of defiance galvanized national sentiment and encouraged widespread participation in the movement.
7.2 Impact on Society
The movement unified Indians from diverse backgrounds, including women, peasants, and tribal groups, in the fight against colonial rule.
The Struggle Intensifies
8.1 Quit India Movement (1942)
The Quit India Movement was launched during World War II, demanding immediate British withdrawal from India.
Despite severe repression, the movement spread rapidly, with widespread demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience.
Towards Independence and Partition
9.1 Demand for Pakistan and Communal Tensions
The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, began demanding a separate state for Muslims, which eventually led to the call for Partition.
9.2 Independence and Partition (1947)
India gained independence on August 15, 1947, but this freedom came with the painful Partition, leading to large-scale communal violence and mass displacement.
Conclusion
The national movement demonstrated the strength of collective action and the enduring spirit of the Indian people in their fight for self-determination.
The struggle for independence united Indians across caste, class, and religious lines, leaving a legacy of resilience and unity.
