Chapter 6: Population
Introduction
Population plays a crucial role in shaping economies, societies, and the environment. Understanding population size, distribution, and growth helps us comprehend various socio-economic aspects and address challenges like resource allocation, urbanization, and development.
Key Topics Covered
1. Population Size and Distribution
India’s Population (2011 Census): 1.21 billion people, constituting around 17% of the world’s population.
Distribution: Uneven distribution across the country, with states like Uttar Pradesh highly populated and regions like Sikkim sparsely populated.
Population Density: Calculated as the number of people per square kilometer; Bihar has the highest density, while Arunachal Pradesh has one of the lowest.
2. Population Growth and Changes
Growth of Population: Refers to the change in population over time. India’s population has steadily increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1.21 billion in 2011.
Annual Growth Rate: A measurement of population growth, showing an increase in population each year.
Processes of Population Growth:
Birth Rate: The number of live births per thousand individuals.
Death Rate: The number of deaths per thousand individuals.
Migration: Movement of people within and across countries, influencing population distribution.
3. Characteristics of the Population
Age Structure: Distribution of population across different age groups, with a significant portion being adolescents (ages 10-19).
Sex Ratio: The number of females per thousand males, which is an indicator of gender balance in society.
Literacy Rate: Percentage of literate people, indicating education levels and socio-economic development.
4. Population Policies
National Population Policy (NPP) 2000: Aimed at stabilizing population growth, promoting health, reducing infant mortality, and ensuring universal education.
Family Welfare Programs: Encourage responsible parenthood, delayed marriage, and promote population control measures.
Conclusion
India’s diverse and growing population impacts every aspect of its society and economy. Effective population management policies are essential for sustainable development and improving the quality of life for all citizens.
