Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Introduction
India is one of the world’s 12 mega biodiversity countries, rich in both plant and animal life. This chapter explores the diversity of India’s natural vegetation and the wildlife that inhabits these ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
Key Topics Covered
1. Types of Vegetation in India
Tropical Evergreen Forests: Found in areas with heavy rainfall, these forests remain green throughout the year. Common species include ebony, mahogany, and rosewood.
Tropical Deciduous Forests: Also known as monsoon forests, these are the most widespread in India, shedding leaves in dry summer. Species include teak, sal, and sandalwood.
Thorn Forests and Scrubs: Located in regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall, characterized by thorny trees like acacia and cacti.
Montane Forests: Found in mountainous regions, varying by altitude. Lower altitudes have oaks and chestnuts, while higher altitudes feature pine, deodar, and fir.
Mangrove Forests: Found in coastal regions affected by tides, particularly in the deltas of rivers like the Ganga and Godavari. Common trees include the sundari.
2. Importance of Flora and Fauna
Flora (Plants): India is home to a diverse array of plant species, contributing to agriculture, medicine, and traditional industries.
Fauna (Animals): Includes around 90,000 animal species, with notable wildlife like elephants, tigers, and rhinoceroses. Different species adapt to varied environments across the country.
3. Wildlife Conservation in India
Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Implemented to protect endangered species and habitats.
Project Initiatives: Efforts such as Project Tiger and Project Rhino aim to conserve specific endangered species.
Protected Areas: India has set up 106 national parks, 573 wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 biosphere reserves to safeguard natural heritage.
4. Medicinal Plants
India is renowned for medicinal plants like neem, tulsi, sarpagandha, and jamun, widely used in Ayurvedic treatments.
Conclusion
India's rich biodiversity forms a crucial part of its natural heritage, providing resources and supporting ecological balance. Conservation efforts are essential to protect and sustain this diversity for future generations.
