World Climate and Climate Change Class 11 Important Extra Questions Geography Chapter 12
World Climate and Climate Change Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type
Question 1.
What is a climatic region?
Answer:
A climatic region is defined as an area on the earth’s surface, where an approximately homogenous set of climatic conditions is produced by the combined effect of climatic groups.
Question 2.
Into how many regions was the earth divided by the ancient Greeks?
Answer:
The earth was divided into three regions, the winterless tropical region, the summerless polar region, and the intermediate having both 1 winter and summer.
Question 3.
What criteria was followed by KOEPPEN to classify climates?
Answer:
KOEPPEN’s classification is based upon annual and monthly r means of temperature and precipitation.
Question 4.
Why did Trewartha use only a limited number of climatic types?
Answer:
Because he realized that a large number of climatic types and sub-types are too difficult to remember.
Question 5.
How do human activities add methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Answer:
Methane and carbon dioxide are added to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels and by various agricultural activities.
Question 6.
What is the Greenhouse effect on the atmosphere?
Answer:
The concept of heating of the atmosphere indirectly from the earth’s surface is called the Greenhouse effect.
Question 7.
Which elements serve as major determinants of climate?
Answer:
Climate is long-term meaning daily weather conditions as determined by temperature, precipitation, pressure, winds, and humidity.
Question 8.
Which element is regarded as the basic factor of climate and why?
Answer:
Temperature is regarded as the basic factor of climate because other elements are directly or indirectly related to it.
Question 9.
Name the major divisions of the world on the basis of temperature.
Answer:
On the basis of temperature, the world has been divided into three zones, viz., Torrid, Frigid, and Temperate.
Question 10.
Mention various climatic regimes based on rainfall patterns.
Answer:
Wet climates, humid climates, sub-humid climates, semi-arid climates, and arid climates are the various regimes based on rainfall patterns.
Question 11.
Name the scholars who have attempted to devise the classification of world climates.
Answer:
Vladimir Peter KOEPPEN, C.W. Thomthwaite, and Glen T. Trewartha have so far presented a classification of world climates.
Question 12.
What climatic group is designated by ‘A’ type climate in Trewartha’s classification?
Answer:
In Trewartha’s classification, ‘A’ type climate designates ‘Tropical Humid Climate’.
Question 13.
Which type of climate is represented by ‘Ar’?
Answer:
‘Ar’ represents the tropical wet climate.
Question 14.
What is the other name of tropical wet and dry climate?
Answer:
The tropical wet and dry climate is also called the ‘Savanna’ climate.
Question 15.
Name two sub-types of polar climate.
Answer:
The two sub-types of polar climate are Tundra and Ice-cap.
Question 16.
Name the principal Greenhouse gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbon are the principal gases of the Greenhouse effect.
Question 17.
Which element is common in the principal Greenhouse gases?
Answer:
Carbon is the common element in principal Greenhouse gases.
Question 18.
In which part of the world ice-coring program have been undertaken so far?
Answer:
So far, the ice-coring programs have been undertaken in Antarctica and Greenland ice-caps.
Question 19.
Name the important elements of climate.
Answer:
Temperature,
Precipitation.
Question 20.
Who did the first classification of climate?
Answer:
Greeks.
Question 21.
What was the basis of classification done by Greeks?
Answer:
Temperature.
Question 22.
Into how many main groups did Trewartha divide the world climate?
Answer:
Into six groups.
Question 23.
Which type of climate is known for the minimum range of annual temperature?
Answer:
Equatorial climate.
Question 24.
What is the characteristic of the steppe type of climate?
Answer:
It is characterized by meager rainfall, low temperature, location in the interiors, and the effects of mountain barriers.
World Climate and Climate Change Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type
Question 1.
Explain why the tropical humid climate is found in an irregular belt of 20° to 40° latitudes.
Answer:
The tropical belt extends across the two tropics, viz., Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn in Northern and Southern hemisphere respectively. It is one of the belts which, for part of the year, comes under the influence of trade winds but for the rest of the year is subjected to conventional rain. Moreover, the trade winds which blow from north-east and southeast also bring a considerable amount of rainfall.
Question 2.
What could be the possible consequences of the continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere?
Answer:
The continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere will increase the atmospheric temperature to an extent that it will cause ice to melt in the Arctic Ocean and in Antarctica. As a result, sea levels will rise causing the drowning of central lowlands and islands, altering rainfall and evaporation patterns, creating new plant diseases and part problems, and enlarging the ozone hole. Enlargement of the ozone hole, in turn, will cause more and more ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s surface, leading to a further rise in temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere.
Question 3.
Match the following :
S.no. SymbolClimatic Group3. D(c) Tropical Humid
Answer:
S.no. SymbolClimatic Group1. A(c) Tropical Humid
Question 4.
Discuss the bases of climatic classifications of Koeppen and Thornthwaite.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Native vegetation was considered as the best expression of the totality of climate. Similarly, Thornthwaite followed Koeppen’s principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instrument capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.
Question 5.
Discuss the aims and objectives of Trewartha’s classification.
Answer:
Trewartha believed that people who need to understand and use the climatic environment for their own purposes should have the parts of climate presented realistically. At the same time, he also recognized the merits of the genetic type of climatic classification. According to him, “genetic not only increases interest and adds to the scientific quality of climatic analysis, but also gives an extra dimension of insight to the student’s understanding of the description.” Genetic classification of climates emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes.
Question 6.
What type of weather conditions characterizes sub-tropical climate?
Answer:
Sub-tropical climates are found between tropical and temperate climatic zones. In this type of climate, the temperature is above 18°C for nearly 8 months. Winters are mild and short. The coastal areas have rainfall throughout the year while continental areas receive less rainfall.
On the basis of seasonal distribution of precipitation, sub-tropical climates have two sub-types, viz., sub-tropical humid and sub-tropical dry summer climates.
Question 7.
How do the carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere play a dominant role in causing worldwide climatic changes?
Answer:
The carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere play a dominant role in causing worldwide climatic change. Carbon dioxide is transparent to incoming solar radiation but absorbs outgoing longwave terrestrial radiation. The absorbed terrestrial radiation is radiated back to the earth’s surface. Thus, it is clear that any appreciable change in carbon dioxide content would bring about changes in the temperature of the atmosphere.
Question 8.
Explain the Greenhouse effect.
Answer:
The concept of heating of the atmosphere indirectly from the earth’s surface is called the greenhouse effect. This effect of the atmosphere is analogous to that of a glasshouse, which lets through most of the incoming short wave solar energy but greatly retards the outgoing longwave earth radiation, thus maintaining surface temperatures considerably higher than they otherwise would be. One can build an instantaneous greenhouse. If the car is parked in the sun for about two hours with the windows closed, the interior temperature will rise. It will be more than the temperature outside.
Question 9.
Describe major reservoirs of carbon on earth.
Answer:
The carbon in the system moves between several major reservoirs. The atmosphere contains more than 750 billion tonnes of carbon at any given time, while 2000 billion tonnes are stored on land, and approximately 4000 billion tonnes are contained in the ocean. Living terrestrial organic matter is estimated to contain between 450 and 600 billion tonnes. World fossil fuel reserves also constitute an important carbon reservoir of some 5000 billion tonnes. The burning of fossil fuels adds more than 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year.
Question 10.
Explain why the tropical humid climate is found in an irregular belt of 20° to 40° latitude.
Answer:
The tropical belt extends across the two tropics, viz., Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn in Northern and Southern hemispheres respectively. It is one of the belts which, for part of the year, comes under the influence of trade winds but for the rest of the year is subjected to convectional rain. Moreover, the trade winds which blow from north-east and south-east also bring a considerable amount of rainfall.
Question 11.
What are ice-coring programs? How do they help us know about the climate of the earth in the past?
Answer:
Ice-coring programs analyze the trapped gases in Greenland and Antarctica ice-caps during the last 1,00,000 years. Analysis of these trapped gases, like oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc., reveals the cooling or heating trends of the earth, on the basis of which climatic changes have been studied in the past.
Question 12.
Distinguish between Genetic and Empirical classification of climate?
Answer:
Genetic classification of climates emphasizes the cause or origin of their formation based on weather processes. The Empirical classification, on the other hand, is based on observations related to factors for climatic differentiation.
Question 13.
Divide the world into temperature zones.
Answer:
The earth is divided into three main temperature zones :
1. Torrid Zone (Hot Zone): Occurs between 0° to 30° N and S latitudes with a mean annual temperature of more than 20°C.
2. Temperate Zones: Subdivided into
(a) warm temperate zone (between 10° to 20°C temperature, 30° to 40° N and S),
(b) cool temperate zone (0°C to 10°C temperature, 45° to 60° N and S).
3. Frigid Zones (Cool Zones): Occur between 60° to 90° N and S latitudes.
Question 14.
What is the significance of 10°C summer isotherm?
Answer:
10°C isotherm in summer indicates the limit of tree growth. In the Tundra region, trees do not grow because the temperatures are below’ 1.0°C in summer.
Question 15.
In which latitudes the tropical humid climate extend and what are its features?
Answer:
The tropical humid climate (A) stretches along the equator in the irregular belt of 20° to 40° latitude in both hemispheres. The features of this climate are that the temperature and rainfall are high throughout the year. In the coastal region, the average temperature of the coldest month is 18°C.
World Climate and Climate Change Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type
Question 1.
Give an account of any four factors which control the climate of a region.
Answer:
These are the following factors that control the climate of a region :
Altitude: Regions on the higher altitude have a cold climate and on the lower altitude have a warm climate.
Location: The climate of a region depends on the location of that region. If the location is close to the equator, the climate will be hot and wet.
Distance from the sea: Regions that are closer to the sea have a moderate climate and others have an extreme type of climate.
The direction of the mountains: The extension of the Himalayas does not allow the cold winds of Central Asia into India and the temperature of India does not come down.
Question 2.
Describe in brief Koeppen’s classification of climate.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process (wind belt, air masses, fronts, and storms) nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. On the basis of the climate needs of certain types of vegetation, Koeppen identified five major groups: A to E, to which he added a sixth category of mountain zone (H).
‘A’ is the tropical zone, with a temperature exceeding 20°C all the 12 months.
‘B’ is the sub-tropical zone, where for 4 to 11 months temperature exceeds 20°C, and for 1 to 8 months the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C.
‘C’ is the temperate zone, where the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C for 4 to 12 months.
‘D’ is the cold zone, with temperature ranging between 10° to 20°C for 1 to 4 months and below 10°C for 8 to 11 months.
‘E’ is the polar zone, where the temperature remains below 10°C throughout the year.
These major climatic groups were sub-divided on the basis of variation in rainfall and temperature characteristics.
Question 3.
Discuss the global climatic changes in detail.
Answer:
The atmosphere is well structured and fairly dynamic in nature. The dynamism is more complex near the earth’s surface where the changes take place both spatially and temporally. These changes may be induced internally within the earth’s atmospheric system or externally by extra-terrestrial factors. Some of these changes are the results of human intervention and, hence, may be slowed down by human efforts. Global warming is one of the changes caused by man’s continual and growing introduction of carbon dioxide as well as some other so-called greenhouse gases, like carbon and chlorofluorocarbon, into the atmosphere.
The atoms and molecules of atmospheric gases cause absorption and back radiation of sunlight by the greenhouse gases, especially water, carbon dioxide, and methane. The concentration of water in the atmosphere is controlled by evaporation from oceans. Carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere by volcanism. Methane is produced by the metabolization of bacteria in wood/grass-eating animals.
Human activities also add methane and carbon dioxide to the .atmosphere by burning fossil fuels and by various agricultural activities.
The carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere play a dominant role in causing worldwide climatic changes. The gas is transparent to incoming solar radiation but absorbs outgoing long-wave terrestrial radiation. This absorbed terrestrial radiation is radiated back to the earth’s surface. Thus, it is clear that any appreciable change in carbon dioxide content would bring about a change in temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Methane, which rapidly gets oxidized into carbon dioxide, is 20 times more effective than CO2
Rapid industrialization and technological changes, a revolution in agriculture and transport sectors have resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbon gases into the atmosphere.
Of the many climatic parameters, the temperature is the most affected one due to urbanization and industrialization. The thermal characteristics of urban areas are in marked contrast to those of the surrounding countryside.
Man is considered as an engine of climatic change. In support of this, rice farmers, coal miners, dairy farmers, and shifting agriculturists contribute their rate in global warming.
Question 4.
Describe the advantages of Trewartha’s classification over Koeppan’s classification.
Answer:
On the basis of grouping, climate types are either genetic or empirical. Genetic classification emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes. The empirical classification, on the other hand, is based on observation related to factors for climatic differentiation.
Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. Koeppen followed the principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instruments capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.
The climate classification system devised by G.T. Trewartha represents a compromise between purely empirical and genetic methods. Besides being simple and explanatory, it combines the fundamentals of the empirical as well as genetic classification schemes. Trewartha, while proposing his climatic classification, was conscious of the fact that the classification systems of Koeppen, being based on certain statistical parameters. of a few weather elements, were cumbersome and complex. The empirical quantitative classification system, as devised by the author, produced such a large number of climatic types and sub-types that it was rather too difficult to remember them. Keeping this aspect in view, Trewartha recognized only a limited number of climatic types, i.e., 6 major types and 10 sub-types.
The major climatic groups included: Tropical humid climate
(A) Dry climate
(B) Sub-tropical
(C) Temperate climate
(D) Boreal climate
(E) Polar climate
(F) Each of these, except Boreal
(E) the climate has two sub-types.
Question 5.
Write a note on temperate climates.
Answer:
The temperate climate is found in the vast landmasses of middle latitudes (40° and 65°). This climatic band of severe winters is found between the sub-tropical and boreal type of climates.
The two sub-types of temperate climate are temperate marine and temperate continental. They are primarily demarcated on the basis of summer temperatures.
The temperate marine climate has mild winters and fairly warm i- summers. Throughout the year, the average temperature is above 0°C. Rainfall is experienced throughout the year. This type of climate is found on the western sides of continents in the temperate zone.
The temperate continental climate is found in the interior of the continents in middle latitudes. The impact of land is visible as it is characterized by harsh winters and cool summers. The extreme cooling of the ground is associated with anticyclones. Annual precipitation is low, though it takes place throughout the year. This type of climate is found in north-eastern Asia, eastern Canada, and Eurasia.
