Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
Define the term technopolies. Delhi 2016
Answer:
Technopolies is the term given to high-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised,
E.g., Silicon Valley near San Francisco.

Question 2.
Mention any two major problems of the Ruhr industrial region. (All India 2016)
Answer:
The two major problems are as follows:

Changes in the industrial structure as the demand for coal declined, led to the decay of this region.
There are other problems related to industrial waste disposal and pollution.

Question 3.
How has the ‘New Ruhr’ landscape emerged? (HOTS; All India 2016)
Answer:
The ‘New Ruhr’ landscape has emerged as a result of more focus on the concentration of new industries like the huge Opel car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities and out of town shopping centres.

Question 4.
What is the household industry? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The household industry is the smallest unit of manufacturing, also known as a cottage industry. It is basically run by creative individuals or craftsmen who are assisted by their family members in their home.

Question 5.
Name any two sub-sectors of the cotton textile industry in the world. Delhi 2009
Answer:
Two sub-sectors of the cotton textile industry are low handloom and power loom.

Question 6.
What is the importance of secondary activities in the world? (All India 2009, Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The importance of secondary activities is that these activities add value to the natural resources by the transformation of raw materials into useful and valuable products.

Question 7.
Classify industries into two groups on the basis of metallic minerals. All Indio 2008
Answer:
Industries classified on the basis of metallic minerals are ferrous and non-ferrous industries.

3 Marks Questions

Question 8.
What are the traditional large scale industrial regions? Give any two characteristics of them. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Traditional large scale industrial regions are associated with the heavy industries like metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacturing and textile production. They are usually located near coal fields. These industries are also called smokestack industries because they are the most polluting industries.

The characteristics of these industries are as follows:
1. The large labour force is engaged in production. It is also characterised by crowded and low-quality poor houses. The environment is unpleasant and full of pollution, waste disposals, etc.
2. Large unemployment and high out-migration is the present situation in these regions because of the closure of factories due to worldwide fall in demands.

Question 9.
Describe any three characteristics of household industries. Delhi 2014
Answer:
The three characteristics of household industries are as follows:

Household industries are basically run by creative individuals or craftsmen who are assisted by their family members in their homes.
Inherent manufacturing skill that is transferred from one generation to another can be seen in this type of industries.
The raw material is taken from the local area and sold in the local market. Jute ropes, basket pickles, etc are its examples.

Question 10.
Give the meaning of the high-tech industry. State any two characteristics of this industry. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
High technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacturing products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
Characteristics of the High-tech Industry are:

1. Professional (white collar) workers make-up a large share of the total workforce and greatly outnumber the actual production (blue collar) workers.
2. These industries are neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office plant lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures.

Question 11.
Explain any three characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing in the world. (Delhi 2013,2008)
OR
Explain any three characteristics of organisational structure and stratification of modern large scale manufacturing industry, AH India 2012
Answer:
The characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing industries are as follows: Complicated Organisation Modern large scale industrial processes consist of multiple activities to run the industries.

Specialised and Skilled Labour The specialised and skilled labour is required in the modern manufacturing industries. Thus, skilled manpower is increasing.

Use of Power Resources These industries widely use huge power to run heavy machines in the production process.

Question 12.
How do secondary activities add value to natural resources? Explain with three examples. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. By various processes, secondary activities add value to natural products.

The examples are as follows:
1. Cotton in the boll has limited use, but after transforming into yarn, it becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes.
2. Iron ore cannot be used directly from the mines but after being converted into steel, it gets its value and can be used for making many valuable machines, tools, etc.
3. Materials from the farms, forest products and resources of the sea can be put into greater use by secondary activities.

Question 13.
Explain the process of mechanisation in modern large scale manufacturing industry in three points. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks. The advanced stage of mechanisation is automation that refers to completion of tasks without aid to human thinking during the manufacturing process. These processes are mechanised where the tasks are completed skilfully without any human aid. There are automatic lacto factories feedback and closed loop computer control systems where machines are developed to think. These kinds of mechanised processing units have sprung up all over the world.

Question 14.
Explain any three characteristics of ‘foot loose industries. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The characteristics of foot loose industries. are as follows:
1. Foot loose industries can be established at any place, because their location is not affected by any particular raw material, whether it is weight-losing or otherwise. These industries are affected by component parts and they are available at all places.
2. These industries produce their products in small numbers and they do not require a large labour force.
3. These industries emit less or no pollution. Thus, they are ecofriendly. Road netw’ork plays an important role in their location.

Question 15.
How are technological innovations an important aspect of modern manufacturing industries? Explain any three aspects in this regard. (HOTS; All India 2011)
Answer:
Technological innovations through research and development strategies are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.
Three aspects in this regard are as under:

Complex machine technology is needed so that high quality goods are produced at less time.
It requires vast capital so that machines with the latest technology can be used in manufacturing.
Extreme specialisation and division of labour is required, that can work efficiently on the machines.

Question 16.
Explain the concept of ’High Technology Industry’ with examples. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
It is simply known as high-tech industiy and it is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is best understood as the application of intensive Research and Development (R & D) efforts leading to the manufacturing of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.

Robotics on the assembly line, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.

Question 17.
Classify industries of the world on the basis of ownership into three groups. State the main features of each group. (All Indio 2010, 2008)
Answer:
On the basis of ownership, the industries of the world can be classified in the following ways:
Public Sector In this type, the ownership and management of an industry is in the hand of the state. Mainly concerned with social welfare.
Private Sector An individual or a corporate body owns and manages industries that belong to the private sector. Mainly concerned with profit.

Joint Sector Industries that are jointly owned and managed by the private and government sector are called joint sector industries. Mainly concerned with public sector development.

Question 18.
Distinguish between small scale and large scale industries by stating three points of each. (All India 2009)
Answer:
The difference between large scale industries and small scale industries are as follows:

Basis	Large Scale Industries	Small Scale Industries
Machinery	They use power-driven heavy machines’.	They use small power-driven machines.
Capital investment	Huge capital investment is required.	A small amount of capital is invested.
Parameters	These industries form the parameters of development in developed countries.	These industries provide employment in developing countries.

5 Marks Questions

Question 19.
Explain five factors that influence the industrial location in the world. (Delhi 2015,2010)
Answer:
Factors influencing the industrial location in the world are as follows:
Access to Market Market refers to the people for whom goods are manufactured. Market affects the location of an industry. A manufacturing unit is established near the market area. Areas having more population are big markets for manufactured goods, as compared to areas having less population. Apart from it, areas having a population with more purchasing power also have a big market.

Access to Raw Material Industries that use heavy, bulky and weight-losing raw materials are established near the source of raw material. For e.g. in sugar industries, sugarcane is a perishable and weight-losing raw material. To reduce the transport cost, industries are located near a source of raw material.

Access to Sources of Energy Industries using more power and energy are established near the source of energy, e.g. aluminium industry.

Access to Transportation and Communication Industries are located in areas that have an efficient transport network to get the raw material from various regions and supply manufactured goods to market. Communication network is also needed to communicate with the consumers. Thus, transport and communication are important factors that affect the location of an industry.

Government Policies Favourable government policies that promote industrialisation is also important in deciding the location of an industry.

Question 20.
Define the term manufacturing. Explain any four features of small scale manufacturing. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Manufacturing means to make by hand, however now it includes goods made by machines. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods for higher value for sale in local or distant markets.
The four features of small scale manufacturing are as follows:

It differs from household industries and large scale industries by its production techniques and place.
This type of manufacturing uses local raw material, simple power driven machines and semi-skilled labour.
It provides employment and raises local purchasing power.
These manufacturing units have developed labour intensive techniques in order to provide employment to their population.

Question 21.
Define manufacturing. Classify manufacturing industries on the basis of size into three categories and explain the important characteristics of each type. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
For definition and characteristics of manufacturing industries,
Manufacturing means to make by hand, however now it includes goods made by machines. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods for higher value for sale in local or distant markets.

The four features of small scale manufacturing are as follows:

It differs from household industries and large scale industries by its production techniques and place.
This type of manufacturing uses local raw material, simple power driven machines and semi-skilled labour.
It provides employment and raises local purchasing power.
These manufacturing units have developed labour intensive techniques in order to provide employment to their population.

On the basis of their size, industries are classified into the following:
Cottage Manufacturing

It is the smallest manufacturing unit.
The artisans use local raw materials.
Part time labour or artisan’s family members produce everyday goods in their homes with the help of simple tools.
Finished goods may be used for consumption in the same household or for sale in the local market.

Large Scale Manufacturing

It requires a large market.
It needs enormous energy and various raw materials.
It also requires specialised workers, advanced technology, assembly line mass production and huge capital.
Now, it has diffused to almost all over the world.

Question 22.
Explain the role of power and raw material in the location of heavy industries in India, HOTS; Delhi 2013
Answer:
Power All the Industries require energy as they are run by energy such as cotton textile and Iron and steel Industries.
Role of power is as follows;

Power provides the motive force for machines.
Its supply has to be ensured before the location of any Industry.
Certain Industries like aluminum and synthetic nitrogen manufacturing industries tend to be located near sources of power.

Raw material Industries are located in those areas where the raw material is available near to the industry. Role of raw material is as follows:

Industries using weight-losing raw materials are located in the regions where the raw material is located.
Sugar mills, pulp industries, copper smelting and pig iron industries are located near their raw material.
Most of the iron and steel industries are located near coal fields or near sources of iron ore.

Question 23.
Explain the significance of the iron and steel industry of India giving three points. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Iron and. the steel industry is basic to the industrial development of the country. The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to the rapid industrial development in India.

The main significance of the iron and steel industry are:

Almost all sectors of the Indian Industry depends heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.
It provides the raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production.
Iron and steel provide a base for all other industries, so it is called a basic industry.

Question 24.
Describe any five factors influencing industrial location in the world? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Factors influencing the industrial location in the world are as follows:
Access to Market Market refers to the people for whom goods are manufactured. Market affects the location of an industry. A manufacturing unit is established near the market area. Areas having more population are big markets for manufactured goods, as compared to areas having less population. Apart from it, areas having a population with more purchasing power also have a big market.

Access to Sources of Energy Industries using more power and energy are established near the source of energy, e.g. aluminium industry.

Government Policies Favourable government policies that promote industrialisation is also important in deciding the location of an industry.

Value Based Questions

Question 25.
“Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent.” Lack of which value leads to this backwardness in Africa.
Answer:
Lack of following values leads to the backwardness of Africa:

Nationalism
Social welfare
Caring attitude towards people.

Question 26.
“It is the smallest manufacturing unit. The artisans use local raw material and sample tools to produce every day goods in their homes with the help of their family members or part time labour.” Explain the value which can be seen in these industry.
Answer:
The household Industries shows the following values: