Anantakrishna Aruyar (1861 - 1937): -
Ananthakrishna Aruyar was asked by the Diwan of Cochin in 1902 to conduct an ethnological survey of the state as the British government wanted to conduct an ethnological survey in all the princely states.
He completed this work as a volunteer. He was honored with the titles of Rai Bahadur and Diwan Bahadur on behalf of the Kingdom of Cochin.
He was elected the President of the Ethnic Department of the Indian Science Congress.
Sharad Chandra Rai (1871 - 1942): -
He was a leading anthropologist. He worked as a teacher of English in the Christian Missionary School.
He lived in Ranchi for 44 years and became an expert in the culture and society of the tribes living in Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand).
He toured the tribal areas extensively and did extensive field studies while living among them.
He was appointed to the Ranchi court as a government agent. His writings on the Oraon Munda and Ravaria tribes were also published.
GS Dhuri :-
- Born: 12 December 1893
- Location : Western India
- In 1913 : Graduation from Bombay
- In 1918: Post Graduation
- In 1919: Scholarship in Sociology
- London's Hobhouse: Study of Sociology
- In 1922, took the degree of "PhD".
- In 1951: Establishment of the Indian Sociological Society
- Wrote more than 30 books 17 After the book is retired died in 1983
Thoughts of GS Dhurya on caste and race :-
According to Herbert Risley, the division of man keeping in mind his physical characteristics such as the width of the skull, the length of the nose or the weight of the cranium, etc.
It was recognized that India was a 'laboratory' for the study of different species as caste intermarriage was prohibited.
In general the higher castes resemble the characteristics of the Indian race.
It suggested that Risley's argument was broadly true only for northern India. In other parts of India, the differences of inter-groups are not widespread.
Thus, 'ethnic purity' survived only in North India as endogamy was prohibited there. In the rest of India, endogamy was practiced among classes that were similarly different at the ethnic level.
Characteristics of Caste :-
Society based on segmental division is divided into many closed mutual other segments.
Based on hierarchical division:- Each caste is unequal in comparison to the other caste. No two castes are the same.
Restricts social interaction, privileges to sit together and eat.
Different rights and duties are prescribed. Based on birth and hereditary. It shows rigidity in the division of labor and specific occupations are given to certain castes only.
Strict restrictions on marriage. The rule of end marriage is emphasized.
legacy :-
Original meaning of the word 'tradition': Tradition has strong roots in the past and is kept alive by telling and hearing stories and myths.
D . P . According to Mukherjee:
D . P . Mukherjee believed that the social system of India was its defining feature and therefore it was necessary that the study of social tradition should be done.
Mukherjee's study was not confined to the past, but was also concerned with the sensitivity of change.
Argued that Indian culture is not individualistic, its direction is determined by the activities of group, sect and caste.
Living Tradition:
Tradition, which in addition to connecting itself with the past, has also molded itself according to the present and thus develops itself with time.
Change :-
The three principles of change – Shruti, Smriti and Anubhav (personal experience) are revolutionary principles. The first principle of change in Indian society was generalized experience or collective experience.
D . P . According to Mukherjee:
D . P . According to Mukherjee, in the Indian context, intellect is not a powerful force for thought, change, but experience and love are excellent agents of change.
Conflicts and rebellions work on the basis of collective experiences. The flexibility of tradition takes into account that the pressure of conflict changes the traditions without breaking them.
State a. R . Desai's thoughts:
Features of Welfare State:-
- A welfare state is a positive state.
- The welfare state does not do only the minimum work which is necessary for the maintenance of law and order.
- It is an interventionist state and uses its powers to implement social policies for the betterment of the society.
- It is a democratic state.
- Democracy is an essential condition.
- Formal democratic institutions are considered to be characterized by multiparty elections.
- Its economy is mixed.
- Mixed economy is an economy in which both private capitalist companies and the state work together.
- The welfare state neither eliminates the capitalist market nor does it prevent the public from investing.
Work Test Basis of Welfare State :-
- It takes care of freedom from poverty, social discrimination and security of all its citizens.
- It takes some important steps to remove income inequalities.
- Changes the economy in such a way where it restricts the tendency of capitalists to earn maximum profit.
- Economic slowdown and fast free system are taken care of for sustainable development.
- Provides employment to all.
Basis of Welfare State:-
- Most of the modern capitalist states have failed to provide the lowest economic and social security to their citizens.
- have not been successful in reducing economic inequalities.
- Have failed to make sustainable development free from market volatility.
- The presence of surplus funds and high unemployment are some of its other failures.
M . N. Village Thoughts of Srinivas :-
M.Sc. N.S. Articles by Srinivas:-
- The articles written by Srinivas on the village are mainly of two types.
- Firstly, the ethnographic details of the field work done in the villages.
- Second, the social analysis of the Indian village, historical and conceptual discussions.
Louis Duman's perspective on the village :-
- He believed that giving importance to the village as a category could be misleading.
- Louis believed that institutions like caste were more important than the village.
- He believed that people can leave the village and go to another village, but their social institutions always stay with them.
Importance of Village :-
- Villages benefit Indian sociology as a site for rural research.
- It gave an opportunity to familiarize with the importance of methodology of ethnological research.
- Gave eye-to-eye information about social change.
- Gave full information about what was happening in the interior of India.
- Therefore, it can be said that the whole of India developed from the study of the village and the sociologists got a field of work.
