Beginning of Sociology :-
Sociology originated in Western Europe in the 19th century.
Sociology is also called the child of the era of revolution.
Three revolutions have an important hand in the experience of sociology:
- The Age of Enlightenment or Discrimination
- french revolution
- industrial Revolution
Jnanodaya: The Age of Discrimination:-
- The birth of originality
- Man in the focal point.
- Vivek (sense) characteristic of man
- mutual contribution
- the beginning of scientific thinking
Enlightenment in detail :-
In the late 17th century and 18th century Western Europe, a completely new and original approach to thinking about the world was born.
This new philosophy, known as Enlightenment or Enlightenment, where on one hand established man as the focal point of the entire universe, on the other hand, gave the status of man to man as the main characteristic of man.
This means that those ideological tendencies, which today call 'secularization', 'scientific thinking' and 'humanist thinking', have a hand in transforming the Enlightenment from a possibility to an actual reality.
It was also given the title of human person of knowledge, only those persons were considered as fully human who can think judiciously, those who were not considered capable of this were called primitive human or barbaric human.
French Revolution :-
- Beginning in 1789.
- Sovereignty at the nation-state level.
- Freedom of Human Rights.
- Freedom from religious clutches.
- Principles of the French Revolution.
- Equality - liberty - fraternity.
- Be the new identity of modernity.
French Revolution in detail :-
The French Revolution (1789) announced the advent of political sovereignty at the level of the individual and the nation-state.
The Declaration of Human Rights emphasized the equality of all citizens and questions the validity of innate privileges.
It freed the individual from the religious tyranny who had been dominating there before the French Revolution.
The principles of the French Revolution, liberty, equality and fraternity became the new slogans of the modern state.
industrial Revolution :-
Beginning :- Time from Britain: 18-19th
Results: -
- New inventions generated.
- development of industrialization.
- development of urbanization.
- Inequalities come.
- Aamir poor
- population growth
Industrial Revolution in detail :-
The foundation of modern industry was laid by the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
It had two main aspects:-
First, industrial production of science and technology.
The Second Industrial Revolution developed methods of organizing labor and the market with a new force and on a large scale, as never before.
Social Changes Due to Industrial Revolution :-
The demand for laborers to run the industries settled in the urban areas was met by the displaced people who had left the rural areas and settled in the city in search of labor.
Due to low wages, not only men and women but also children had to work in dangerous conditions for long hours to make a living.
Modern industries helped the cities to dominate the countryside.
According to the modern systems of governance, the monarchy felt the need for new types of information and knowledge.
Karl Marx :-
Marx said that society has progressed in different stages.
These are the steps:-
- primitive feudalism,
- slavery
- feudal system
- capitalism
- Socialism
He believed that very soon it would be replaced by socialism.
Capitalism finds itself quite different from man in society. But Marx still believed that capitalism was a necessary and progressive stage in human history because it created an environment necessary for advocating equal rights and ending exploitation and poverty.
Marx's concept of economy :-
Marx's belief about the economy was that it was based on the modes of production. By means of production forces means all those means of production, such as land, labour, technology, various means of energy.
Marx laid great emphasis on economic structures and processes because he believed that they were the foundation of every social system in human history.
class struggle :-
When there is a change in the means of production, the conflict between different classes increases. Marx believed that “class struggle is the main force bringing about social change.
In the capitalist system, the capitalist class has the right over all the means of production, the working class has lost its right over all the means of production.
For a struggle to take place, it is necessary that one should be aware of his class interest and interest identity.
After the development of this type of 'class consciousness', the ruling class is overthrown, which is already ruled or subordinate class - this is called revolution.
Emile Durkheim :-
According to Durkheim, the subject matter of sociology was different from the study of social facts compared to other sciences.
Like other natural sciences, it should have been a modern subject.
For Durkheim, society was a social phenomenon whose existence as a moral community rested on the individual. The ties that bound human beings together as groups were crucial for the existence of society.
Classification of Society :-
Mechanical Integration :-
According to Durkheim, the basis of traditional cultures is individual homogeneity and it is found in societies with less population, based on the unity of individuals.
Eternal Unity :-
It is based on the inequalities of the members. Traditional dependency is the essence of organic unity, in which economic interdependence remains.
Difference between mechanical unity and organic unity:-
| mechanical integration | organic unity |
|---|---|
| It is found in primitive society. | It is found in modern society. |
| It is found in less populated societies. | It is found in times of large population. |
| Its basis is individual form. | Social relations are mostly impersonal. |
| This is a distinctly different self-supporting group. | It is not self-supporting but is dependent on another unit or group of its survivor. |
| Mechanical unity establishes a direct relationship between the individual and the society. | In organic unity there is no direct relation of the individual with the society. |
| Yatrik unity is based on similarities. | The basis of organic unity is the division of labor. |
| We can see mechanical unity in repressive laws. | In societies with organic unity, the predominance of compensatory and cooperative laws is visible. |
| The power of mechanical unity lies in the power of the collective consciousness. | The power / origin of organic unity is based on functional difference. |
By Durkheim – Difference between repressive law and compensatory law :-
| repressive laws | injurious law |
|---|---|
| In a oppressive society, wrongdoers were punished by law, which was a kind of collective vengeance for their actions. | The main purpose of law in modern society is to rectify or correct criminal acts. |
| In primitive society the individual was fully involved in collectivism. | In modern society, the individual has some freedom of self-government. |
| In the primitive society, the individual and the society were related to each other to preserve the values and beliefs of conduct. | In modern society, individuals with similar goals voluntarily come close to each other and form organizations. |
Max Weber :-
Weber was the first to introduce the special and complex type of 'objectivity' that social science had to adopt.
For 'empathetic understanding' it is necessary that sociologists, without being influenced by personal beliefs and process themselves, honestly record the subjective meanings and motivations of social actors, honestly the subjective meanings and motivations of social actors.
Ideal Format :-
An ideal model is a mental construct, like a model, used to express the reality of an entire event or all behavior or action.
Bureaucracy :-
The bureaucracy was that instrument of organization based on the separation of the domestic world from the public world.
Characteristics of bureaucratic power :-
Following are the characteristics of bureaucratic authority:-
- Functions of rights.
- Hierarchical order of posts.
- Reliability of written documents.
- Office Management.
- official conduct.
Functions of Officers :- The division of work among the officers is done according to the administrative rules. They are selected on the basis of written examination.
Hierarchical order of posts: - There is a hierarchical system of working of lower officials under higher officers. Higher officers give orders to lower officers. The following officers follow him.
Written Documents:- All the work of the office is done in writing so that the credibility remains. The files are maintained.
Management of the office :- The management of the office is according to the general rules. Office work has now become a profession. Therefore, the management officers make arrangements for the smooth running of the office.
Conduct of office: - Every office has some rules which everyone has to follow.
mode of production :-
It is a system of material production which is sustained over a long period of time. Each mode of production is distinguished by the means of production (eg: technology and the form of production organization and the relations of production (eg: slavery, wages, labour).
Office :-
A public office or position of impersonal and formal authority with specified powers and responsibilities in the context of bureaucracy.
Renaissance :-
The period in Europe in the 18th century when philosophers rejected the omnipotence of religious doctrines, established reason as the instrument of truth, and as the sole carrier of human beings.
Separatism :-
In capitalism society it is such a process under which man feels himself away from nature, other human beings, their work and product and finds himself alone, it is called isolationism.
Social Facts:
An aspect of social reality that deals with social patterns of behavior and beliefs that are not created by the individual but exert pressure on their behaviour.
