Chapter - 11
Rebel and Raj
2 marks answer questions
Question 1. Who was ruling in England at the time of revolt of 1857 AD?
Answer- Queen Victoria was ruling in England at the time of revolt of 1857 AD.
Question 2. Who was the Governor-General of India at the time of revolt of 1857 AD?
Answer- The Governor-General of India at the time of the revolt of 1857 AD was Lord Canning.
Question 3. Which Governor-General was responsible for the revolt of 1857?
Answer- Lord Dalhousie was responsible for the revolt of 1857 AD.
Question 4. When did India's first freedom struggle take place?
Answer- India's first freedom struggle took place in 1857 AD.
Question 5. What were the two main reasons for the revolt of 1857?
Answer- (i) The British had captured almost the whole of India.
(ii) Due to the continuous exploitation of Indians by the British, there was widespread anger among them.
Question 6. Give any two political reasons for the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (i) The policy of including more and more Indian princely states in the British Empire by the East India Company.
(ii) The humiliating treatment of Bahadur Shah Zafar II by the British.
Question 7. Who was the emperor of the Mughals during the revolt of 1857?
Answer- Bahadur Shah Zafar II was the emperor of the Mughals at the time of the revolt of 1857 AD.
Question 8 Who was the last emperor of the Mughals in India? When did he become the emperor?
Answer- (1) The last emperor of the Mughals in India was Bahadur Shah Zafar II.
(ii) He became the emperor in 1837 AD.
Question 9. Why was Bahadur Shah II against the British? Write any two reasons.
Answer- (i) The British had stopped the pension of Bahadur Shah II.
(ii) The British asked him to vacate the Red Fort.
Question 10. Name the Mughal emperor who was imprisoned by the British during the revolt of 1857 AD. Where and when did he die?
Answer- (i) The name of that Mughal emperor was Bahadur Shah Zafar II, who was imprisoned by the British during 1857 AD.
(ii) He died in Rangoon in 1862 AD.
Question 11. Who was Nana Sahib?
Answer- (i) Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Peshwa Bajirao II.
(ii) He decided to revolt against the British because his annual pension was stopped.
Question 12. When was Jhansi merged with the British Empire? Who was ruling in Jhansi at that time?
Answer- (i) Jhansi was merged with the British Empire in 1854 AD.
(ii) At that time Jhansi was ruled by Rani Laxmibai.
Question 13. Why did the Rani of Jhansi decide to revolt against the British in 1857?
Answer- In 1857 AD, the Rani of Jhansi decided to revolt against the British because Lord Dalhousie had refused to accept her adopted son as the legitimate heir of Jhansi.
Question 14. When was Awadh merged with the British Empire? Who was ruling Awadh at that time?
Answer - (i) Oudh was merged with the British Empire in 1856 AD.
(ii) At that time Awadh was ruled by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
Question 15. When and why Awadh was merged with the British Empire.
Answer- Awadh was merged with the British Empire in 1856 on the basis of misrule.
Question 16. Which princely state was called the pride of North India? Who was its last Nawab? When was he deprived of the throne by the British?
Answer- (1) Awadh was called the pride of North India.
(2) Its last Nawab was Wajid Ali Shah.
(3) That British had deprived the Gadi in 1856 AD.
Q17. What do you know about the condition of the taluqdars of Awadh?
Ans- The Talukdars of Awadh were very influential. They had huge jagors and many forts. He had to accept it. There were also armed soldiers. They had considerable autonomy in the territories under their control. They only had to accept the sovereignty of the Nawab.
Question 18. What was lump sum settlement?
Answer - The one- time settlement was implemented by the British in Awadh in 1856 AD. Under this settlement, they were evicted from their lands. Under this, the farmers were made the owners of the land. increased a lot.
Question 19, Name the Governor General who propounded the theory of loops.
Answer- Lord Dalhousie propounded the theory of lapses.
Question 20 What is meant by the principle of Sepps?
Answer- Under the principle of lapse, when the ruler of the native dependent state died without an heir, he was not considered to be an heir. So his kingdom was merged with the British Empire. In such a situation, his adopted son was not considered as his heir.
Question 21. Name any four states which were annexed under the principle of lapse.
North- Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi and Udaipur.
Question 22. Give any two socio-religious reasons for the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (1) The social reforms being carried out by the British were considered by the Hindus as interference in their religion.
(ii) Due to the rapid spread of Christianity, there was anger among the Indians.
Question 23. When or who passed the Religious Disqualification Act?
Answer- The Religious Disqualification Act was passed by Lord Dalhousie in 1850 AD.
Question 24. What was the Religious Disqualification Act?
Answer- (1) It was passed by Lord Dalhousie in 1850 AD.
(ii) According to this, if a person converted to a Christian by changing his religion, he could not be deprived of his ancestral property.
Question 25. Write any two economic reasons for the revolt of
Answer (1) Due to the economic exploitation by the British, India had become a beggar country.
(ii) The British deprived Indians of high positions. He considered this as his utter disgrace.
Question Write two military reasons for the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (1) The British used to treat Indian soldiers very disrespectfully.
(ii) Indian soldiers were paid much less than the British.
Question 27. When was Lord Canning Service Recruitment Act passed? What was its purpose?
Answer- (1) Lord Canning passed the General Services Recruitment Act in 1856 AD.
(ii) Its purpose was to send Indian soldiers abroad to participate in the war.
Question 28. What was the immediate cause of the revolt of
Answer- The immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 AD was the fat cartridges.
Question 29. State any two rumors responsible for the revolt of
Answer- (i) Cartridges with grease.
(ii) Activities of Christian missionaries.
Question 30, which date was fixed for the revolt of 1857 AD?
Answer- The date of 31 May was fixed for the revolt of 1857 AD.
Question AD start?
Answer- The revolt of 1857 AD started from Barakpur on March 29, 1857 .
Question 32 Who was Mangal Pandey?
Answer- (i) Mangal Pandey was a soldier in the 34th Native Infantry Regiment.
(ii) On March 29, 1857, he sounded the trumpet of rebellion in Barrackpore.
(iii) He became the first martyr of the revolt of 1857.
Question Who was the first soldier to revolt in 1857? When did he do this?
Answer- (i) Mangal Pandey was the first soldier to revolt in 1857 AD.
(ii) He did so on March 29, 1857.
Question 34, who was the first soldier to revolt in 1857 AD? When was he hanged?
Answer- (i) Mangal Pandey was the first soldier to revolt in 1857 AD.
(ii) He was hanged on April 8, 1857.
Question Name the five prominent leaders of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- The names of the five prominent leaders of the revolt of 1857 were Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope and Shahmal.
Question State the four major centers of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (i) Delhi (ii) Meerut (iii) Kanpur (iv) Lucknow.
Question When did the rebellion start in Meerut in 1857? How many soldiers here refused to use fat cartridges?
Answer- (i) Revolt in Meerut in 1857 AD started on 10th May. (ii) Here 85 soldiers refused to use fat cartridges.
Question 38, When did the rebels occupy Delhi in 1857 AD? When did the British rule over it again?
Answer- (i) In 1857 AD, the rebels occupied Delhi on 11 May.
(ii) The British recaptured Delhi on 20 September.
Question At the time of marriage of 1857 AD, whom did the rebels declare as the sovereign of India?
Answer- During the rebellion of 1857 AD, the rebels declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India.
Question 40 Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Answer- Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last ruler of the Mughals. He ascended the throne in 1837 AD and actively participated in the rebellion of Bahadur Shah Zafar. Due to the support of the rebels, the British sent him to Rangoon by centering him. The British shot his two sons and a letter. He died in Burma in 1862.
Question 41. Among the British, Bahadur Shah Zafar was sent captive and sent somewhere? When did he die there?
Answer: - (1) The British sent Bahadur Shah Zafar as a prisoner to Rakhoon.
(ii) He died there in 1862 AD.
Question Who led the rebels in Kanpur in 1857? Who was his famous general?
Answer (1) In 1857, the rebels in Kanpur were led by Nana Sahib.
(ii) His famous commander was Tatya Tope.
Question 43. When did Nana Sahib take possession of Kanpur? Which British general did he defeat here?
Answer – (i) Nana Sahib took possession of Kanpur on June 26, 1857.
(ii) Here he defeated the British general Hugh Wheeler.
Question Who led the rebels in Lucknow in 1857?
Answer- Begum Hazrat Mahal led the rebels in Lucknow in 1857 AD.
Question Which famous British officer was killed in Lucknow during the revolt of 1857? Which British officer finally succeeded in capturing this?
Answer- (i) During the revolt of 1857 AD, the Chief Commissioner of Awadh, Henry Lawrence, General Neil and General Havelock were killed in Lucknow.
(ii) Colin Campbell eventually succeeded in capturing it.
(iii) In 1857 AD, the rebels in Central India were led by Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi.
Question 47. At which place and when did Rani Laxmi Bai attain Veergati?
Answer- Rani Lakshmibai attained Veergati in Gwalior on June 17, 1858.
Question 48. Who was Shah Mal?
Answer- Shah Mal was a resident of a big village in Baraut pargana of Uttar Pradesh. The land of this village was very fertile. Due to the oppressive land revenue system of the British, the farmers here were on the verge of starvation. Hence Shah Mal inspired the villagers to revolt against the British. He was killed while fighting with the British in July, 1857.
Question 49, Who was Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah?
Answer- Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah of Faizabad played a remarkable role in the revolt of 1857 AD. He inspired them to do jihad against the British. Many Muslims considered him a prophet. He had stunned the British with his activities.
Question 50. Who was Tatya Tope?
Answer- Tatya Tope was the commander of Nana Sahib. He made a remarkable contribution in the revolt of 1857.
Question 51. What did the rebel soldiers at many places request the old rulers to take over the leadership?
Answer- In many places, the rebel soldiers urged the old rulers to take over the leadership.
Question 52. Discuss the evidence which shows that the rebels were working in a planned and coordinated manner?
Answer- (i) The course of rebellion was the same in each cantonment.
(ii) The soldiers acted with some or the other special gesture.
(iii) The rebels looted the government treasury and destroyed government buildings.
Question 53. What did the rebels want?
Answer- (1) He wanted to establish mutual unity between Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) He wanted to end Firangi Raj.
(iii) He wanted to restore the Indian rule of the pre-18th century.
Question 54. What was the Azamgarh Declaration.
Answer – (i) Azamgarh Declaration was made on August 25, 1857 AD.
(ii) It gave detailed information about what the rebels wanted.
Question 55. Name four British generals who suppressed the revolt of
Answer- (1) General Neil (ii) General Havelock (iii) General Nicholson (iv) General Colin Campbell.
Question Write any two reasons for the failure of the revolt of 1857.
Answer – (i) The rebellion had started before a certain time. So the plans of the rebels remained incomplete.
(ii) The resources of the Indians were much less than that of the British.
Question 57. Name any four Indian princely states which helped the British in crushing the revolt of 1857?
Answer – (i) Hyderabad (ii) Gwalior (iii) Patiala (iv) Kashmir.
Question Write two results of the revolt of 1857.
Answer – (i) The rule of the East India Company came to an end in India.
(ii) The Indian Army was reorganized.
Question State any two political consequences of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (i) It put an end to the rule of the East India Company in India.
(ii) It put an end to the Mughal dynasty in India.
Question What were any two military results of the revolt of 1857?
Answer- (i) The number of European soldiers in the army was increased.
(ii) The Indian Army was reorganized.
Question Write any two social consequences of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (1) The British government promised to give jobs to Indians on the basis of merit.
(ii) The British adopted the policy of 'divide and rule'.
Question 62. Write any two economic consequences of the revolt of 1857 AD.
Answer- (1) India's economic crisis increased.
(2) The government took several steps to deal with this problem.
Question 63. When was the British government of India directly under British rule? Who ruled Great Britain at that time?
Answer- (1) The British Government of India was directly under the British Crown in 1858 AD.
(2) At that time Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria.
Question 64. When did the rule of the East India Company end?
Answer – The rule of the East India Company came to an end in 1858 AD.
Question 65. When did Queen Victoria make the proclamation? Who read it and where?
Answer- (1) Queen Victoria made the proclamation on November 1, 1858.
(ii) This Viceroy Lord Canning read it out in Allahabad.
Question 66. Who was the first Viceroy of India?
Answer- Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.
Question 67. Which Indian writer and patriot has called the revolt of 1857 AD as 'the first Indian freedom struggle of Indian independence'.
Answer- Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, an Indian writer and patriot, called the revolt of 1857 AD, where is the first Indian freedom struggle.
Question AD is called the first freedom struggle of India.
Answer- (i) A large number of common people participated in this rebellion.
(ii) In this rebellion Hindus and Muslims fought shoulder to shoulder against the British.
Question 69. What is 'The Relief of Lucknow?
Answer- (i) The picture named 'The Relief of Lucknow' was made by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859 AD.
(ii) It shows that the hour of crisis is over and the British have won.
Question 70. What is 'In Memoriam'?
Answer - In Memoriam was a famous painting. It was built in 1859 by Joseph Noel Payton. In this, British women and children are seen wrapped in each other. They seem helpless. As if they are in danger of a terrible elder.
Question 71. When and where was the picture titled The Clemency of Canning published? What was depicted in it?
Answer – (i) The picture named The Clemency of Canning was published in the British magazine Punch on October 24, 1857.
(ii) It shows that Lord Canning's declaration that Indian soldiers should be treated with kindness is a big joke.
Question 72. Who wrote the great fight Mardaani Woh To Jhansi Wali Rani Thi?
Answer- A lot of fought Mardaani V Ti Jhansi Wali Rani Thi was composed by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.
3 marks answer questions
Question 1. To what extent Lal can be held responsible for the revolt of 1857?
Answer- Lord Dalhousie AD ) carried any principle to take over the Indian princely states. If it worked, then he fought, if the policy of lapse worked, then he lapsed. implemented the policy. If these did not work, then accusing them of mismanagement, he included the Indian princely states in the British Empire. As a result of this policy of expansion of Lord Dalhousie, not only the Indian rulers but people also got angry towards the British state. Undoubtedly Lord Dalhousie was responsible to a large extent for the revolt of 1857.
Question 2. What were the general causes of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer- (1) The policy of including more and more Indian princely states in the British Empire by the East India Company.
(ii) Due to the mistreatment of Indians by the British, there was widespread anger among them.
(iii) Due to the continuous economic exploitation of India by the British, there was discontent among the Indians.
(iv) Due to the degrading treatment meted out to the Indian soldiers, he vowed to end the British rule.
Question 3. What were the political reasons for the Revolt of 1857?
Answer – (1) The policy of including more and more Indian princely states in the British Empire by the East India Company.
(ii) Indians were enraged by the degrading treatment of Bahadur Shah Zafar II by the British.
(iii) Due to the suspension of Nana Sahib's pension, he became a staunch enemy of the British.
(iv) Due to the merger of Jhansi in 1854 AD, the queen of Jhansi there vowed to avenge this insult.
Question 4. Why did the British government stop the pension of Nana Sahib?
Answer – The closure of the pension of Nana Sahib by the British Government became an important reason for the revolt of 1857 AD. Nana Sahib was adopted by Peshwa Bajirao II. In 1818, through the Treaty of Poona, the British government decided to give an annual pension of Rs 8 lakh to Peshwa Bajirao II and his successors. But when the Peshwa died in 1851, the British refused to accept Nana Sahib as his successor and also stopped the annual pension given to him.
Question 5. To what extent was the merger of Jhansi responsible for the revolt of 1857?
Answer – The queen of Jhansi was Laxmibai. In 1853 AD, Maharaja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi adopted a child named Damodar Rao before his death. Lord Dalhousie refused to recognize Damodar Rao as the legitimate heir. He announced the inclusion of Jhansi in the British Empire in 1854, according to the principle of Lapse. Due to this unjust action of Lord Dalhousie, not only the Rani of Jhansi but also the people there spread feelings of discontent against the British Empire. Therefore the merger of Jhansi became one of the main reasons for the revolt of 1857 AD.
Question 6. When and why was Oudh annexed to the British Empire?
Answer - The most important action of Lord Dalhousie to merge Awadh with the British Empire in 1856 AD. Deposed the Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, and included Awadh in the British Empire. Due to this action, the people of Awadh got furious and they resolved to take vengeance from the British.
Question 7. What were the economic reasons for the revolt of 1857?
Answer- (i) The small scale industries of India were destroyed due to the economic exploitation of the British.
(ii) The zamindars turned against the British by confiscating jagirs and levying taxes on tax-free lands.
(iii) Many people became useless due to the inclusion of the princely states in the British Empire.
Question 8. Describe the military causes of the revolt of 1857.
Answer – (1) Indian soldiers were treated very disrespectfully.
(ii) They were paid much less salary and allowances than the British.
(iii) They got very few promotion opportunities and could have reached the rank of Subedar at most.
(iv) By the General Services Recruitment Act of 1856, any Indian soldier could be sent across the sea, which Hindu soldiers considered interference in their religion.
Question 9. Why did Indians consider the British state a threat to their religion? Give any three reasons.
Answer – (i) The propagation of Christianity was increasing rapidly in India.
(ii) By the General Services Recruitment Act of 1856, any Indian soldier could be sent across the sea. Hindu soldiers considered it to be corrupt.
(iii) In 1856, the British gave a new rifle named Enfield to the soldiers. In this, greased cartridges were used. Indian soldiers considered it to destroy their religion.
Question 10. How did the greased cartridges become the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer- In 1856 AD, the British issued Enfield rifles for the army. to be used in these rifles. Cow and pig fat were used on the cartridges. These had to be peeled from the teeth before filling them in rifles. When the Indian soldiers came to know about this, they were furious. He tried to use these fat cartridges. refused. When the British forced him to use this cartridge, Mangal Pandey of Barrackpore raised the rebellion on March 29, 1857.
Question 11.Who was Mangal Pandey?
Answer -The revolt of 1857 AD started on March 29, 1857 AD near Calcutta (Kolkata) refused Barrackpore Cantonment and he did the same to his fellow soldiers. This rebellion was led by a soldier named Mangal Pandey. He encouraged the use of cartridges. When an officer Hughson forced him to use fat cartridges, Mangal Pandey tried further, he too was put to death. Now shot him and took him to Yamlok. When another Englishman Mangal Pandey's revolver officer arrested Mangal Pandey, the remaining one shot the girl child 411 Because he did not want to come into the hands of the living British, he shot himself. Unfortunately it happened. He was taken prisoner. On him, the British revolted and wounded him on 8 April, In 1857 AD, the hanging case was cleverly hung. Thus Mangal Pandey became the first martyr of the 1857 revolt.
Question AD and Meerut.
Answer – 85 Indian soldiers in Meerut refused to use fat cartridges. Due to this severe punishment was given. He was severely humiliated before being put in jail. Due to this incident, the blood of the Indian boiled. They stormed the jail on the night of 10 May and marched all the captive soldiers towards Delhi with the slogan of 'Har Har Mahadev', after which they killed all the British officers and their families living in Meerut. After this, he started walking towards Delhi, chanting the slogan of Har Har Mahadev.
Question 13. How did the British recapture Delhi?
Answer – On 11th May 1857, Indian soldiers reached Delhi and they captured Delhi after a little struggle. The rebel soldiers declared Bahadur Shah Zafar II as their emperor. On September 14, English General Nicholson attacked Delhi. He was again shot at Delhi on September 20, 1857. There were massacres all over Delhi.
Question 14. Describe the role of Lucknow during the revolt of
Answer- Lucknow was the capital of Awadh. The people of Awadh gave their full support to their Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and Begum Mahal. He killed many Britishers. Among them was Henry Lawrence, the Chief Commissioner of Oudh. General Havelock was also killed fighting the rebels. In the end General Campbell was hanged on the same. After the war, Lucknow was recaptured in March 1858. Here too many patriots were hanged.
Question 15 Throw light on the revolt of 1857 and Kanpur.
answer - In Kanpur, the soldiers and the general public asked to take over the reins of Nana Sahib's rebellion. Nana Sahib, with the help of his general Tatya Tope, defeated the British on June 5, 1857 and captured Kanpur. Nana Sahib convinced the British general, Ham Heeler and his soldiers who had surrendered before him, to let them safely go to Allahabad by boats. Will go But as soon as they started leaving in boats, the Indian soldiers got information about the inhuman atrocities committed on Bharati in Banaras and Allahabad. Hearing this, he got furious and suddenly attacked the British soldiers on the ghat of the Ganges named Sarvochaura. In this fierce battle, only four soldiers could take their lives. This was a matter of great humiliation for the British. Colin Campbell captured Kanpur by defeating Nana Sahib on December 6, 1857.
Question 16. Why did Rani Jhansi actively participate in the rebellion?
Answer – Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi did not have any children of her own. He adopted a son. Declaring him as the but ruler of Jhansi, the queen herself started ruling in his name. But Lord Dalhousie refused to accept the queen's adopted son as heir according to the principle of lapse. Apart from this, the British attacked Jhansi to include it in their kingdom. Due to this, the queen became an enemy of the British and she actively participated in the revolt of 1857 against the British.
Question 17. Who was Shah Mal? What role did he play in the revolt of 1857?
Answer- Shah Mal, who hailed from the big village of Baraut Pargana of Uttar Pradesh, led the revolt of 1857 AD. He belonged to a Jat dynasty which was spread over the village of Chaurasi. The land of these villages was very fertile. That's why many villagers were very happy. But many farmers were losing their lands to outsiders due to the oppressive British land revenue system. Shah Mal could not bear the pathetic condition of his villagers. So he decided to lead the rebellion. A large number of villagers also gathered under his flag. They destroyed many government buildings, bridges and roads. For some time people felt that the Firangi Raj (British Raj) was over. Shah Mal was killed in a war with the British in July 1857.
Question 18. What methods were adopted to establish unity among the rebels?
Answer- (i) Appeals were made in Hindi, Urdu and Persian to unite Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) Collective decisions were taken by the Panchayats in many villages.
(iii) Hindus and Muslims together accepted the leadership of Bahadur Shah Zafar II.
(iv) The sentiments of all religions were taken care of in the declarations issued by the rebels.
Question 19. What was the nature of the revolt of 1857?
Answer- There is a difference of opinion among historians about what was the actual nature of the revolt of 1857 AD. British historians have considered it to be only a military rebellion, whereas Indian historians have named it as the first Indian War of Independence. Some historians have named it a Hindu-Muslim conspiracy against the British and some others a religious war of Hindu-Muslims against Christians. Some historians called it the revolt of the zamindars against the British. But most historians consider only the first two ideas to be important.
Question 20. Can we call the revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence?
Answer- On the basis of the following facts, we can call the revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence -
(1) If the general public had not participated in this, then this rebellion would not have spread so rapidly throughout India.
(ii) In this rebellion Hindus and Muslims fought shoulder to shoulder against the British. Their unity was a symbol of the struggle for the freedom movement.
(iii) This rebellion was not limited to the soldiers. A large number of men, women, children, rulers and landlords took part in this. Clearly it was a freedom struggle.
Question 21. What was the significance of the revolt of 1857?
Answer- (1) The rule of the East India Company came to an end and the direct rule of England over India was established.
(ii) The Mughal and Peshwa dynasties came to an end.
(iii) The British changed their policy towards the Indian rulers.
(iv) The Indian Army was reorganized. The British took over important departments of the army.
Question 22. State the political consequences of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (i) The East India Company was abolished.
(ii) The administration of India was now placed under the British Parliament.
(iii) The Board of Control and the Court of Directors were disbanded.
(iv) The Governor General was now given the title of Viceroy.
Question 23. What were the military results of the revolt of 1857?
Answer- (1) The Company's army was disbanded and it was included in the army of England.
(ii) The number of European soldiers in India was increased.
(iii) Artillery and other heavy clothing were now kept with the British.
(iv) The army was divided on the basis of religion and caste so that unity could not be established in it.
Question 24: Describe the main reasons for the failures of the revolt of 1857.
Answer- (1) The rebellion had started before the fixed time. So the plans of the rebellion remained incomplete.
(ii) Indians lacked experienced leaders.
(iii) The resources of the Indians were very small compared to the British.
(iv) Many Indian rulers gave full support to the British in crushing the revolution.
Question 25. What steps did the British take to quell the rebellion?
Answer - (1) Martial law was implemented in the whole of North India by special laws.
(ii) The British were given the right to prosecute and punish common Indians apart from soldiers.
(iii) The normal process of trial was abolished and the punishment for the rebels was fixed.
(iv) The British used force on a terrible scale.
