Class 12th History Chapter - 9 Kings and Chronicles Short and Long Question Answer English Medium NCERT CBSE

Chapter - 9

Kings and Chronicles

2 marks answer questions

Question 1. What was the political situation in India at the beginning of the 16th century?
Answer- The political situation in India in the beginning of the 16th century was very deplorable. At that time India was divided into many small states. In these states, mutual battles were going on for power. As a result they became very weak.

Question 2. Who was the Sultan of Delhi at the time of Babur's invasion and to which dynasty did he belong?
Answer- (i) At the time of Babur's invasion, the Sultan of Delhi was Ibrahim.
(ii) He belonged to the Lodi dynasty.

Question 3. When and where was Babur born?
Answer- Babur was born on February 14, 1483 in Andijan, the capital of Fergana.

Question 4. Who were the Uzbeks? Who was their leader?
Answer- (1) Uzbek was a fighting race of Central Asia.
(ii) Their leader was Shaibani Khan.

Question 5. When did Babur become the ruler of Fargana and when did he conquer Kabul?
Answer- (i) Babur was the ruler of Fargana in 1494 AD.
(ii) He conquered Kabul in 1504 AD.

Question 6. State two objectives of Babur's invasion of India.
Answer- (i) Babur wanted to establish a permanent empire for himself in India.
(ii) He wanted to get the immense wealth of India.

Question 7. By the grace and mercy of Almighty Allah, this difficult task became easy for me and within half a day that mighty army was destroyed. By whom and on what occasion were these words spoken?
Answer: These words were said by Babur after victory in the first battle of Panipat.

Question 8. When and between whom did the first battle of Panipat take place?
Answer – (i) The first battle of Panipat took place on April 21, 1526 AD.
(ii) This battle was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.

Question 9. When and between whom was the first battle of Panipat fought? Who won in this?
Answer- (i) The first battle of Panipat was fought on April 21, 1526 between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.
(ii) Babur was victorious in this.

Question 10. What were the reasons for the victory of Babur in the first battle of Panipat?
Answer- (1) Babur was a capable general.
(ii) Ibrahim Lodi was very infamous among his subjects.

Question 11. What were the results of the first battle of Panipat?
Answer - (i) The Lodi dynasty came to an end in India.
(ii) The Mughal dynasty was established in India.

Question 12. Who and when had established the Mughal dynasty in India?
Answer – The Mughal dynasty in India was established by Babur in 1526 AD.

Question 13 When and between whom was the battle of Kanawah fought?
Answer- The battle of Kanwah was fought in 1527 AD between Babur and Rana Sanga.

Question 14. Mention two results of the battle of Kanawah.
Answer- (1) Due to the defeat in this war, the power of Rajputs suffered a deep blow.
(ii) Victory in this war made it easier for Babur to establish a permanent Mughal Empire in India.

Question 15. Explain the meaning of the word Jihad. Explain the word Jihad.
Answer – The word Jihad means religious war, whenever Muslim invaders attacked India, they always raised the slogan of Jihad. Its purpose was to instill enthusiasm among the Muslim soldiers. Babur gave the name of Jihad to the fight against Rana Sanga.

Question16. What do you understand by Johar?
Answer- Jauhar meant the practice that Rajput women used to sacrifice their lives by burning in a pyre collectively to protect their chastity from enemies.

Question 17. What was the significance of Babur's arrival in India? ,
Answer- (i) He introduced a new method of warfare in India.
(ii) She was getting less and less after the death of Firoz Tughlaq.

Question 18. What was the name of the autobiography of Babur?
Answer- (i)  The name of Babur's autobiography was Tujk-e-Babri.
(ii)  It was written in Turkish language.
(iii)  The establishment of the Mughal dynasty in India gave a new impetus to the cultural development of India.

Question 19. Name the autobiography of Babur. In which language was it written?
Answer- (i) The name of Babur's autobiography was Tujk-e-Babri.
(ii) It was written in Turkish language.

Question 20. When did Humayun ascend the throne? Name any two of his brothers.
Answer- (1) Humayun sat on the throne in 1530 AD.
(2) The names of his two brothers were Kamran and Askari.

Question 21. Describe any two difficulties of Humayun.
Answer- (1) Humayun's brothers did not cooperate with him.
(ii) Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, did not let him take a sigh of relief.

Question 22. When and where did the two decisive battles take place between Humayun and Sher Khan?
Answer- Two decisive battles between Humayun and Sher Khan took place in 1539 AD at Chausa and in 1540 AD at Kannauj.

Question 23. When did Sher Khan adopt the title of Sher Shah and after winning which war?
Answer- Sher Khan assumed the title of Sher Shah in 1539 AD after winning the battle of Chausa.

Question 24. Write two reasons for the failure of Humayun.
Answer- (i) Humayun had divided his empire among his brothers.
(ii) Humayun used to leave all his work incomplete.

Question 25. State any two defects of the character of Humayun.
Answer – (i) He was very fond of celebrating the riots.
(ii) He used to leave all his work incomplete.

Question 26. Why did Humayun have to leave India?
Answer- (i) Humayun's brothers had created many problems for him.
(ii) Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj.

Question 27. What was the original name of Sher Shah Suri? Tell about his reign.
Answer- (i) The original name of Sher Shah Suri was Farid.
(ii) He ruled from 1540 AD to 1545 AD.

Question 28. Write two victories of Sher Shah after defeating Humayun.
Answer- (i) Conquest of Punjab in 1541 AD.
(ii) The conquest of Kalinjar in 1545 AD.

Question 29. Into how many parts was Sher Shah Suri divided his empire?
Answer- Sher Shah Suri divided his empire into 66 governments.

Question 30. State two main features of the land revenue management of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer- (i) He got all the cultivable land measured.
(ii) He asked the farmers to give land revenue in cash or in the form of crops as per their convenience.

Question 31. Explain the meaning of the word Patta.
Answer- Sher Shah Suri started the practice of giving lease to the farmers. Accordingly, each farmer had several. No officer had the right to collect more land revenue from the farmers.

Question 32. Name two famous roads built by Sher Shah Suri.
Answer- Two famous roads built by Sher Shah Suri - first GT Road which went to Peshawar in Calcutta (Kolkata) and second went from Lahore to Multan.

Question 33, What steps did Sher Shah Suri take to promote commerce and trade?
Answer – (i)  He established law and order in the empire.
(ii)  He got many roads and inns built.
(iii)  He made important reforms in the monetary system.

Question 34. What do you know by post office?
Answer – The 1700 sarais established by Sher Shah Suri in his empire used to work as post offices. Here the postal was carried from one part of the empire to another by the elders. With this Sher Shah Suri could keep a tight control over the entire empire.

Question 35. Give two military reforms of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer – (i) He enforced strict discipline in the army.
(ii) He started the practice of shooting horses and keeping the appearance of soldiers.

Question 36. Explain the meaning of face.
Answer- Face means recording appearance. During the reign of Sher Shah Suri, each soldier's name, his father's name, his village and any special marks on his body were recorded. So no soldier could cheat the government.
Question 37. Explain the meaning of the word stain.
Answer – Daag means to mark identification mark. During the time of Sher Shah Suri, horses were tainted so that the soldiers could not replace a good quality horse with a poor quality horse.

Question 38. Why is Sher Shah Suri called the forerunner of Akbar?
Answer- (i) Like Sher Shah Suri, Akbar implemented land revenue reforms.
(ii) Like Sher Shah Suri, Akbar implemented public welfare programs.

Question 39. Where is the tomb of Sher Shah Suri located?
Answer – The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is located in Sahasram (Bihar).

Question 40. When did Humayun conquer Delhi by defeating whom?
Answer- Humayun defeated Sikandar Shah Suri and captured Delhi in 1555 AD.

Question 41. When did Humayun die? Where is his tomb located?
Answer- (i) Humayun died in January, 1556 AD.
(ii) His tomb is located in Delhi.

Question 42. When and where was Akbar born?
Answer- Akbar was born on October 15, 1542 in Amarkot.

Question 43. Write the name of the parents of Akbar.
Answer- (1) Akbar's mother's name was Hamida Banu Begum. (ii) His father's name was Humayun.

Question 44. Who was the most famous and powerful ruler of the Mughal Empire? What was his reign?
Answer- (i) The most famous and powerful ruler of the Mughal Empire was Akbar.
(ii) He ruled from 1556 AD to 1605 AD.

Question 45. When, where and who did Akbar's coronation?
Answer- The coronation of Akbar was done by Bairam Khan in 1556 AD at a place called Kalanaur in Punjab.

Question 46. When and between whom was the second battle of Panipat fought?
Answer- The second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Hemu on November 5, 1556 AD.

Question 47. Write any two results of the second battle of Panipat.
Answer - (1) As a result of this battle, Akbar re-established the Mughal Empire in India.
(ii) The power of the Afghans in India was deeply shocked.

Question 48. Who was Bairam Khan?
Answer-  Bairam Khan was the patron and prime minister of Akbar. Its influence lasted from 1556 AD to 1560 AD.
Question 49. Write two reasons for the downfall of Bairam Khan.
Answer- (i)  He got Tardi Beg killed.
(ii)  He had a dispute with Akbar.

Question 50. When did Akbar conquer Malwa? Who was the ruler at that time?
Answer- (i) Akbar conquered Malwa in 1562 AD.
(ii) The ruler of that time was Baz Bahadur.

Question 51. Name any two famous states conquered by the Rajputs by Akbar.
Answer- Chittor and Ranthambore were the names of two famous states conquered by the Rajputs by Akbar.

Question 52. What was the name of the capital of Mewar? When did Akbar take over it?
Answer- (i) The name of the capital of Mewar was Chittor.
(ii) Akbar had captured it in 1572 AD.

Question 53. When and between whom did the battle of Haldighati take place?
Answer- The Battle of Haldighati took place on June 18, 1576 between the Mughals and the Rajputs.

Question 54. Where did the battle between Akbar and Maharana Pratap take place? Who was defeated in this battle?
Answer- (i) The battle between Akbar and Maharana Pratap took place in Haldighati.
(ii) Maharana Pratap was defeated in this battle.

Question 55. Who was Maharana Pratap?
Answer- Maharana Pratap was the ruler of Mewar. He ruled from 1572 AD to 1597 AD. The Battle of Haldighati between Maharana Pratap and Akbar took place on June 18, 1576 AD. In this, Akbar was victorious and Maharana Pratap was defeated. Despite this, Maharana Pratap did not accept Akbar's submission till the end.

Question 56. Why was Gujarat famous? When did Akbar take over it?
Answer ( 1 ) Gujarat was famous for its fertile land , good ports and famous center of import and export .
(ii) Akbar had captured it in 1572-73 AD.

Question 57. Who was the ruler of Bengal and Bihar at the time of Akbar? When did Akbar include them in the Mughal?
Answer- (1) Dawood Khan was the ruler of Bengal and Bihar at the time of Akbar.
(ii) They were included in the Mughal Empire in 1576 AD.

Question 58. Who was the ruler of Kabul at the time of Akbar? When did Akbar take over it?
Answer - (1) At the time of Akbar, the ruler of Kabul was Mirza Hakim.
(ii) Akbar had captured it in 1585 AD.

Question 59. Explain the term Khutba.
Answer- The word Khutba means a pledge of loyalty. The rulers who accept this subjugation will pray to God to win and will rule in his name. He used to read in the name of the ruler. In this, he used to declare that he would do God for the betterment of his patron and would rule in his name.

Question 60. Write any two objectives of Akbar's South Policy.
Answer- (i) He wanted to expand his empire.
(ii) He wanted to end the growing influence of the Portuguese in the south.

Question 61. Which princely state of the South was the first to accept the suzerainty of Akbar? Who was ruling it at that time?
Answer- (i) The Khandesh princely state of the south had first accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals.
(ii) At that time it was ruled by Ali Khan.

Question 62. Who was Chand Bibi?
Answer- Chand Bibi was the queen of Bijapur and sister of Sultan Burhan-ul-Mulk of Ahmednagar.

Question 63. When did Chand Bibi make which treaty with the Mughals? According to this, which area was accepted to be given to the Mughals?
Answer- (i) Chand Bibi made the treaty of Supa with the Mughals in 1596 AD.
(ii) Accordingly, he agreed to give the area of Berar to the Mughals.

Question 64. When did Akbar conquer Ahmednagar and Khandesh?
Answer – Akbar conquered Ahmednagar in 1600 AD and Khandesh in 1601 AD.

Question 65. Name the three provinces created by Akbar in the south.
Answer- Akbar created three provinces in the south namely Berar, Ahmednagar and Khandesh.

Question 66. Who was Malik Ambar?
Answer – Malik Ambar was the most qualified vizier of Ahmednagar state. He made a remarkable contribution in making the Ahmednagar state powerful.

Question 67. Why did Akbar adopt a new policy towards Rajputs? Give any two reasons.
Answer- (i) Akbar wanted to establish a huge empire with the help of Rajputs.
(ii) If Akbar had taken enmity with the Rajputs, he had to cut the roots of the Mughal Empire like a double-edged sword.

Question 68. State any two features of the Rajput policy of Akbar.
Answer- (i) Akbar established matrimonial relations with the Rajputs.
(ii) Akbar appointed Rajputs to high posts of administration.

Question 69. With which Rajput princess did Akbar first marry and when?
Answer- (i) Akbar first married the daughter of Bharmal Kachwah, the Rajput ruler of Amber.
(ii) He did this marriage in 1562 AD.

Question 70, Write the names of four Rajput princely states that accepted the suzerainty of Akbar.
Answer – The names of the four Rajput princely states that accepted the suzerainty of Akbar were Malwa, Jaipur, Jodhpur and Ranthambore.

Question 71. When did Akbar abolish which two taxes levied on Hindus?
Answer- Akbar abolished the pilgrimage tax on Hindus in 1563 AD and Jaziya tax in 1564 AD.

3 marks answer questions

Question 72. What was the meaning of jizya? When did Akbar end it?
Answer – (1) Jizya was a religious tax which was collected from non-Muslims.
(ii) Akbar abolished it in 1564 AD.

Question 73. Why did Akbar abolish the Jizya tax? Give two reasons.
Answer- (i) Because it was based on religious bias.
(ii) Because Akbar wanted to adopt the policy of reconciliation-i-kul with all.

Question 74. State any two consequences of the Rajput policy of Akbar.
Answer- (i) This made possible the expansion of the Mughal Empire.
(ii) This strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity.

Q75. What was the real name of Jahangir? Also tell about his reign.
Answer- (i) The real name of Jahangir was Salim.
(ii) He married in 1605 AD to 1627 AD.

Question 76. Who was Nur Jahan?
Answer- (i) Nur Jahan was the wife of Jahangir.
(ii) Jahangir married him in 1611 AD.

Question 77. Who was the ruler of Mewar during the reign of Jahangir?
Answer- (i) During the reign of Jahangir, the ruler of Mewar was Rana Amar Singh.
(ii) He made a treaty with the Mughals in 1615 AD.

Question 78. Write a note on the Kangra conquest of Jahangir.
Answer : The Kangra conquest of Jahangir was an important victory. He wanted to capture it because of its geographical importance. Jahangir's attempt to conquer Kangra in 1615 AD failed. In 1620 AD, Shahjada Khurram captured Kangra after a siege of 14 months.

Question 79. When and why Kandahar was snatched from the Mughals during the reign of Jahangir?
Answer – (1) During the reign of Jahangir, Kandahar was snatched from the Mughals in 1622 AD.
(ii) The reason for this was that Shah Jahan and Mahabat Khan had revolted against Jahangir.

Q80. What was the real name of Shah Jahan? Also tell his reign.
Answer – (i) The real name of Shah Jahan was Khurram.
(ii) He ruled from 1628 AD to 1658 AD.

Question 81. When did Shah Jahan conquer Ahmednagar? Who was the ruler at that time?
Answer- (i) Shah Jahan conquered Ahmednagar in 1636 AD.
(ii) At that time the ruler here was Fateh Khan.

Question 82. What was the main reason for the failure of Shah Jahan's policy of Central Asia? What was the result of this?
Answer- (i) The main reason for the failure of Shah Jahan's policy of Central Asia was that the tribes there were very freedom-loving. They were not ready to accept anyone's submission.
(ii) Due to this failure, the pride of the Mughals was deeply hurt.

Question 83. During whose reign and when did Kandahar go out of the hands of the Mughals forever? Who captured it?
Answer- (i) During the reign of Shah Jahan, Kandahar was permanently out of the hands of the Mughals in 1649 AD.
(ii) It was captured by the Iranians.

Question 84. Write two objectives of the foreign policy of the Mughals.
Answer- (i) To subjugate Kandahar.
(ii) To destroy the power of the Uzbegs.

Question 85. When did Shah Jahan include Ahmednagar in the Mughal Empire?
Answer- Shah Jahan included Ahmednagar in the Mughal Empire in 1636 AD.

Question 86. Describe the reign of Aurangzeb.
Answer- Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 AD to 1707 AD.

Question 87. Write the names of the sons of Shah Jahan.
Answer- The names of four sons of Shah Jahan were Dara, Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad.

Question 88. When did Aurangzeb again impose Jizya tax on Hindus? Which Mughal emperor removed it and when?
Answer- (i) Aurangzeb again imposed Jaziya tax on Hindus in 1679 AD.
(ii) It was removed by Emperor Akbar in 1564 AD.

Question 89. Which two Rajput princely states stayed with during the reign of Aurangzeb?
Answer- During the reign of Aurangzeb, the struggle of the Mughals with the princely states of Mewar and Marwar continued.

Question 90. Why did Aurangzeb attack Mewar?
Answer- (i) The mighty ruler of Mewar, Jai Singh had died.
(ii) Raj Singh, the new ruler of Mewar, was helping Marwar against Aurangzeb.

Question 91. What is the name of Durgadas Rathore famous for?
Answer – Durgadas Rathore was a famous leader of the Rajputs of Marwar. The Rajputs under him continued a long struggle against Aurangzeb and never let him breathe a sigh of relief.

Question 92. Why did Aurangzeb's Rajput policy prove disastrous for the Mughal Empire?
Answer- (1) The Rajputs became the arch enemies of Aurangzeb.
( ii ) Due to the anti-Rajput policy, the Mughal Empire had to suffer immense loss of public and wealth.

Question 93. What was the south policy of Aurangzeb?
Answer – Aurangzeb wanted to destroy the independent Shia princely states in the south. Apart from this, he also wanted to get immense wealth from there. For this purpose he engaged with them for 25 years. He was successful in conquering Bijapur in 1686 AD and Golconda in 1687 AD. This policy of his proved disastrous for the Mughal Empire.

Question 94. How many years did Aurangzeb spend in the battles of South India?
Answer- Aurangzeb spent 25 years in the battles of South India.

Question 95, When did Aurangzeb capture Bijapur? Who was the Sultan of Bijapur at that time?
Answer- (i) Aurangzeb had conquered Bijapur in 1686 AD.
(ii) At that time the Sultan of Bijapur was Sikandar Adilshah.

Question r96. When did Aurangzeb include Golconda in the Mughal Empire? Who was Multan there at that time?
Answer – (i) Aurangzeb included Golconda in the Mughal Empire in 1687 AD.
(ii) The Sultan of that time was Abu-al-Hasan.

Question 97. How did the south policy become the body of Aurangzeb and the ear of the empire?
Answer- (i) This policy proved disastrous for the Mughal Empire.
(ii) The Mughals suffered heavy loss of life and property due to this policy.

Question 98. Write any two reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer- (i) Aurangzeb adopted a policy of intolerance towards non-Muslims. Due to this he revolted against the empire.
(ii) Aurangzeb's south policy proved fatal for the Mughal Empire.

Question 99. What information do Mughal chronicles tell us?

Answer- (i) To give information about the emperor and the events of his time.

( ii) To give information about the court, aristocracy and royal family.

(iii) To give information about the administrative institutions of the Mughal period.

Question 100. Write any two objectives of chronicles prepared by the Mughal rulers.
Answer – (i) To collect useful information for the emperor related to the areas under him.
( ii ) To provide the details of Mughal emperors for future generations.

Question 101. Name any two famous chronicles and their authors of the Mughal period.
Answer - (i) Akbarnama. Its author was Abul Fazl.
( ii ) Badshahnama. Its authors were Abdul Hameed Lahori and Muhammad Waris.

Question 102. Which was the mother tongue of the Mughals? Which one did he declare as his official language?
Answer- The mother tongue of the Mughals was Turkish.
(ii) He declared Persian as his official language.

Question 103. What is the name of the autobiography of Babur? In which language is it written?
Answer (1) The name of Babur's autobiography is Baburnama.
(ii ) It is written in Turkish language.

Question 104. Who has written Humayunnama?
Answer- Humayun Nama was written by Humayun's sister Gulbadan Begum.

Question 105, which Akbar made his official language and what?
Answer- (i) Akbar made Persian his official language.
( ii) At that time Persian was a sign of power and prestige.

Question 106. Which new language came into existence from the interaction of Persian with North Hindavi?
Answer- Urdu language came into existence due to mutual contact of Persian with Hindavi.

Question 107 Name any four famous texts that were translated into Persian during the reign of Akbar.
Answer - (i) Babarnama (ii) Ramayana (iii) Mahabharata (iv) Panchatantra.

Question 108. In which language the Mahabharata was translated and given its name during the reign of Akbar?
Answer – ( i) The Mahabharata was translated into Persian during the reign of Akbar.
(ii) It was named as Raznama.

Question 109. Name any two famous Persian texts of Akbar's reign.
Ans- (i) Akbarnama (ii) Muntakhab-ul-Twarikh.

Question 110. What is the name of the autobiography of Jahangir? In which language was it written?
Answer – (i) The name of the autobiography of Jahangir is Jahangirnama.
( ii ) It was written in Persian language.

Question 111. In whose reign Alamgirnama was written? Who was its author?
Answer- (i) Alamgirnama was written during the reign of Aurangzeb.
(ii) Its author was Mirza Muhammad Kazim.

Question 112. What do you mean by Shahi Kitabkhana?
Answer- Shahi Kitabkhana was a place where the collection of the emperor's manuscripts was kept and new manuscripts were prepared.

Question 113. What was the role of calligraphers and clerks in preparing the manuscript?
Answer- In preparing the manuscript, calligraphers used to copy the text and polish the pages.

Question 114. Which style of calligraphy was popularized by Akbar? Write any one characteristic of it.
Answer- (i) Akbar popularized the Nastalik style of calligraphy.
(ii) It was written in a long flat flowing manner.

Question 115. Write any two features of Nastalik style.
Answer- (i) It was written in a long flat flowing manner.
( ii) It was written by dipping it in ink from a piece of ridged reed called a pen with a tip of 5 to 10 mm.

Question116. Why did the Mughal emperor get the manuscripts prepared?
Answer- (1) Manuscript was considered a valuable one.
( 2) It was considered a symbol of the power of the emperor.

Question 117. Why were pictures used in Mughal manuscripts? Write any two reasons.
Answer- (1 ) To express those thoughts of the emperor which could not be given in writing, through pictures.

Question 118. What was written about painting in Abul Phal?
Ans (i) He described painting as a magical art.
( ii) According to him, painting is an art which can bring life to inanimate objects.

Question 119. Why did the Prophet Muhammad ban the painting of living things?
Answer : Prophet Muhammad banned the painting of mortal objects because it seems that the artist tries to take the power of creation in his own hands, when this work is only of God.

Question 120. Who was Bihzad?
Answer- (i) Bihzad was a famous painter of the Safawi court of Iran.
(ii) He gave a new direction to Iranian painting.

Question 121. Which two famous painters did Humayun bring with him from Iran to India?
(i) Mir Syed Ali
( ii ) Abdus Samad.

Question 122 Who was the most famous painter of Akbar's reign? By which title did Akbar bestow him with?
Answer- (1) The most famous painter of Akbar's reign was Abdus Samad.
( ii ) Akbar honored him with the title of Shirin Kalam.

Question 123. The reign of which Mughal emperor was famous for miniature painting?
Answer- The reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir was famous for miniature painting.

Question 124. Who was Abul Fazl? Which famous book did he write?
Answer- (1) Abul Fazl was a famous court historian of Akbar.
( ii ) He wrote the famous book called Akbarnama.

Question 125. When did Abul Fazl start the composition of Akbarnama? Into how many volumes was it divided?
Answer- (i) Abul Fazl started the composition of Akbarnama in 1589 AD.
( ii) It is divided into three volumes.

Question 126 What is the historical significance of Akbarnama?
Answer- Akbarnama presents the real picture of Akbar's reign to us.

Question 127. Ain-i-Akbari is a part of which famous book? What is described in it?
Ans- (i) Ain-e-Akbari is a part of famous text called Akbarnama.
(ii) It describes the administrative system and land revenue system of the Mughal Empire.

Question 128. Name any two sources which were used by Abul Fazl while writing the Akbarnama?
Answer- (i) official documents (ii) knowledgeable persons

Question 129 Write any two drawbacks of Akbarnama.
Answer- (1) Abul Fazl ignored those things in this which he feared to anger Akbar.
(ii) Akbarnama does not give any information about the social and economic life of the people of that time.
Question 130. Who was the author of Badshahnama?
Answer- Abdul Hameed Lahori and Muhammad Waris were the authors of Badshahnama.

Question 131. By what other name is Badshahnama known? Which Mughal emperor's reign is described in this?
Answer- (1) Badshahnama is also known as Padshahnama.
(ii) It describes the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

Question 132. Who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal and when was its purpose?
Answer- (i) The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by Sir William Jones in 1784 AD.
(ii) Its purpose was to edit, publish and translate Indian manuscripts.

Question 133 Who did the English translation of Akbarnama and when?
Answer- The English translation of Akbarnama was done by Henry Beveridge in the 20th century.

Question 134. Which three new principles of kingship were introduced by the Mughal emperors?
Answer – (i) Divine doctrine of the emperor (ii) Sulh-e-Kul (iii) Just sovereignty.

Question 135. What is meant by the divine principle of kingship?
Answer- The meaning of the divine principle of kingship is that the emperor is the representative of God on this earth. Therefore, the emperor is responsible only to God for his actions.

Question 136. Who was Alankua?
Answer- Alankua was a Mongol queen. She was impregnated by a ray of the sun. The child born by him had the effect of divine light.

Question 137. Who was Shihabuddin Suhrawadi?
Answer – Shihabuddin Suhrawardi (1153-1191 AD) was a famous Sufi saint of Iran. He made this idea a source of spiritual guidance. It was popularized that the divine light is first transmitted to the king. After that, why did the king show it to his subjects?

Question 138. Why did Mughal artists depict aura in the paintings of emperors in the 17th century?
Answer – In the 17th century, Mughal artists depicted aura in the paintings of emperors because they wanted to show that the emperor had divine power to rule.

Question 139. What is meant by Sulah-e-Kul? Which Mughal emperor popularized it?
Answer- (i) Sullh-e-Kul means peace with all.
(ii) It was popularized by the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Question 140. Which two important steps did Akbar take to popularize the policy of sulh-i-kul?
Answer - (i) He abolished the pilgrimage tax in 1563 AD.
(ii) He abolished the Jizya tax in 1564.

Question 141. Which Mughal emperor and when again imposed Jizya tax on non-Muslims?
Answer- Mughal emperor Aurangzeb again imposed jizya tax on non-Muslims in 1679 AD.

Question 142. According to Abul Phal, which four truths did the emperor protect his subjects? What did he demand in return?
Answer- (1) According to Abul Fazl, the emperor used to protect the life, wealth, honor and faith of his subjects.
(ii) In return, he demanded obedience and a share in the resources.

Question 143. Which Mughal emperor put a golden fig in Shahbuje, what was it?
Answer- (1) The Muslim emperor Jahangir had put a chain of gold in Shahburj. could reach.
( ii ) Its purpose was that any complainant made the most use in his paintings by dragging it to the ears of his complainant emperor ? What was meant by this?

Question 144. Which symbol was used the most by Mughal artists in their paintings to express the idea of justice of the Mughal monarchy? What was meant by this?
Answer- (i) To express the idea of justice of the Mughal monarchy, most of the Mughal artists used lion and goat sitting peacefully with each other in their paintings. The mighty can live together in love.
(ii) It was meant to show that the Mughal Empire was an empire where the weak and the powerful could coexist in love.

Question 145 Write the names of four capitals of the Mughal period.
Answer – (i) Delhi (ii) Agra (iii) Fatehpur Sikri (iv) Lahore.

Question 146. Which fort was built by Akbar in Agra? From what stone was it made?
Answer- (1) Akbar had built the Red Fort in Agra.
(ii) It was made of red stone.
Question 147. When did Akbar declare Fatehpur Sikri as the capital of the Mughal Empire? What was the reason for this?
Answer- (i) Akbar had declared Fatehpur Sikri as the capital of the Mughal Empire in 1569 AD.
(ii) The reason for this was that Fatehpur Sikri was situated on the direct road leading to Ajmer where the dargah of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti was situated.

Question 148. Which two famous buildings were built by Akbar in Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer- Akbar had built the Buland Darwaza and the Dargah of Sheikh Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri.

Question 149. When and why did Akbar build the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer - Akbar built the Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri in 1601 AD for the victory of the Mughals in Gujarat.

Q150 When and why did Akbar declare Lahore the capital of the Mughals?
Ans- Akbar declared Lahore the capital of the Mughals in 1585 AD because he wanted to bring more control over the North-West.

Question 151. "Shah Jahan was a great builder." Explain.
Answer – (i) Shah Jahan got the famous Taj Mahal built in Agra.
(ii) He made Shahjahanabad the new capital of the Mughals in 1638 AD.
(iii) He got the famous Red Fort and Jama Masjid built in Delhi.

Question 152. When and whom did Shah Jahan make the new capital of the Mughals?
Answer – Shah Jahan declared Shahjahanabad as the new capital of the Mughals in 1638 AD.

Question 153. Name two famous buildings built by Shah Jahan in Shahjahanabad.
Answer- (i) Red Fort (ii) Jama Masjid.

Question 154. State any two rules prevalent in the Mughal court.
Answer- (1) Once the Mughal emperor sat on the throne, no one was allowed to go anywhere else from his place.
(ii) All the courtiers had to follow certain behavior and etiquette.

Question 155. What were the methods of greeting the emperor in the Mughal court?
Answer- In the Mughal court, the methods of Sijda , Char Taslim and Jameebees were prevalent to greet the emperor.

Question 156. Which two new methods of greeting were adopted during the reign of Shah Jahan?
Answer – During the reign of Shah Jahan, four taslims and zambos were adopted.

Question 157. What is meant by Sijda and Jamimbos?
Answer- (1) By Sijda it was meant to lie down.
(ii) Jambos meant kissing the ground.
Question 158. Mention the importance of Sijda in the Mughal court.
Answer – In the Mughal court, the meaning of Sijda was to lie down before the emperor. The person who used to greet with a high bow, that person was considered to be of higher status.

Question 159, Whom did James I, the ruler of England, send to Jahangir's court as his ambassador?
Answer- James I, the ruler of England, sent Sir Thomas Roe as his ambassador and sent it to Jahangir's court.

Question 160. Who started Jharokha Darshan? What was its purpose?
Answer – (i) Jharokha Darshan was started by the Mughal emperor Akbar.
(ii) Its purpose was to encourage public confidence in the imperial authority.

Question 161. What was the Jharokha philosophy system?
Answer- In the practice of Jharokha Darshan, the Mughal emperor used to give darshan to his subjects through a window in the morning.

Question 162. Mention any two functions performed by the Mughal emperor in Diwan-i-Khas.
Answer (1) Here the Mughal emperor used to hold private meetings and discuss confidential issues.
(ii) Here senior ministers of the state used to present their petitions before him.

Question 163. When did the Mughal emperors take huge titles? What were they marked on?
Answer- (1) The Mughal emperors used to hold huge titles at the time of their ascension or at the time of victory over an important enemy.
(ii) These were inscribed on the coins and decrees of the Mughal emperors.

Question 164. Mention any two titles given to the nobles by the Mughal emperors.
Answer- (1) Asaf Khan (ii) Mirza Raja.

Question 165 Name any two types of gifts given by the Mughal emperor to his courtiers.

Answer- (i) Khillat (ii) Sarappa.

Q166. What do you mean by Nudge and Offer? used to go .
Answer- (1) Nau meant the money which was given by a courtier to Emperor Akbar at the time of presentation.
(ii) The offer was a hefty sum of money that was offered to the emperor.

Question 167. What is meant by Haram?
Answer – Haram refers to that part of the palace where the women belonging to the royal family lived. The word Haram is derived from Persian which means holy place.

Question 168. What is meant by Bangam and Agaha?
Answer (i) In the Mughal royal family, a woman coming from the royal family was called Begum.
(ii) Agaha the woman who did not belong to the royal family.

Question 169. Due to which two reasons Agha and Agaya could also get the status of Begum during the Mughal period?
Answer – In the Mughal period, Agha and Agawa could also get the status of Begum due to love and motherhood.

Q170.Who was Khwajasar? Mention any two of their main functions.
Answer- (1) Khwajasar slaves were eunuchs.
( ii ) His two main functions were to protect the royal family and act as a trading agent.

Question 171. Who were the two famous daughters of Shah Jahan?
Answer- Shah Jahan had two famous daughters Jahanara and Roshanara.

Question 172. Who was Gulbadan Begum? Which famous book did he write?
Answer- (1) Gulbadan Begum was the daughter of Babur, Humayun's sister.
( ii ) He wrote the famous book Humayunma.

Question 173. When and to whom was Shah Jahan's son Darashikoh married? How much did this marriage cost?
Answer- (i) Shah Jahan's son Darashikoh was married to Nadira in 1633 AD.
( ii ) A total of 32 lakhs was spent on this marriage.

Question 174. Write any two salient features of the Mughal aristocracy.
Answer- (1) The task of recruitment in the Mughal aristocracy was in the hands of the emperor only.
( ii ) It included people of different religions and ethnic groups.

Question 175. Who was Sheikhzade?
Answer- Indian Muslims were called Sheikhzade .

Question 176. Name any three famous Hindu nobles during the reign of Akbar.
Answer- The names of three famous Hindu nobles of Akbar's reign were Todarmal, Birbal and Raja Bharmal Kachwah .

Question 177. Who became prominent in the aristocracy during the reign of Jahangir and why?
Answer- (i) During the reign of Jahangir, Iranians became prominent among the elite.
( ii ) The reason for this was that Jahangir's queen Nur Jahan was an Iranian.

Question 178, who composed Char Chaman? What is the topic covered in this?
Answer- (1) The four Chamans were composed by Chandrabhan Brahmin.
( ii) It throws light on the aristocracy prevailing during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Question 179. What were the two main changes in the aristocracy during the reign of Aurangzeb?
Answer- (i) He greatly reduced the number of Rajputs.
(ii) He greatly increased the number of Marathas.

Q180 , Who were the Deployed - A - stirrups ?
Ans- Posted-i-Rakao was such a secure group of aristocrats who were appointed in the court.

5 marks answer questions

Question 1. What were the circumstances due to which Babur proceeded to take over India?
Answer- (i) Babur was an ambitious ruler. He wanted to establish a huge empire for himself.
(ii) India's immense wealth prompted Babur to attack India.
(iii) Babur's ancestor Timur had occupied Punjab. So he considered his right over India.
(iv) Babur wanted to consolidate his position against the Uzbeks by conquering India.
(v) The political condition of India at that time was very weak. So this was a golden opportunity for Babur to attack India.

Question 2. What were the results of the first battle of Panipat?
Answer – (i) The first battle of Panipat was a decisive battle. In this, the last sultan of the Lodi dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi, was killed. In this way the Lodi dynasty came to an end in India and the kingdom of India kept going from the hands of the Afghans.
(ii) The victory in the first battle of Panipat led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. This marked the beginning of a new era in India.
(iii) After the conquest of Panipat, war between the Mughals and the Rajputs became inevitable. The reason for this was that Rana Sanga of Rajputs wanted to take over Delhi.

Question 3. Why did Babur become victorious in the first battle of Panipat?
Answer- (1) In the 16th century, Indian states had become powerless due to mutual wars. It was easy for Babur to defeat these rulers.
(ii) The Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, was very infamous among his chieftains and subjects due to his bad behavior and atrocities. They wanted to get rid of such a ruler.
(iii) Babur was a capable general. He had a lot of experience in wars.
(iv) The use of artillery by Babur caused great destruction. The soldiers of the Indian rulers could not compete with them with their arrows and swords.

Question 4. What do you know about the Battle of Kanawah?
Answer- Babur could never have become the lord of India without crushing the power of the Rajputs. So Babur decided to compete with Rana Sanga. Rana Sanga was the most powerful ruler not only of Mewar but of northern India. It was not an easy task for Babur to counter the Rajputs. Rajputs were known for their courage and valor. On March 17, 1527, at the place of Kanwah near Fatehpur Sikri, the Rajputs fought against Babur's forces. The Rajputs were defeated in this decisive battle. The power of this war suffered a severe blow. Babur's artillery and proper leadership were the reason for the defeat of the Rajputs. The power of the Rajputs suffered a severe blow as a result of this battle.

Question 5. Describe three reasons for the battle of Kanawah.
Answer – (i) Babur wanted to become the master of India. (ii) Rana Sanga, the ruler of Mewar was not ready to tolerate the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.
(iii) Rana Sanga had given refuge to the opponents of the Mughals in his court. Therefore Babur wanted to do two hands with the Rajputs.

Question 6. What is the significance of Babur's conquest of India?
Answer- (i) Babur introduced a new method of warfare in India. His victories popularized gunpowder and artillery in India.
(ii) The arrival of Babur in India was an important step towards establishing a vast empire all over India.
(iii) The establishment of the Mughal dynasty in India was the beginning of a new era for Indian art and literature.
(iv) Babur introduced a new concept of state which was based on the honor and power of the emperor.

Question 7. Write a note on Baburnama.
Answer- Baburnama is the name of Babur's autobiography. It was composed by Babur in Turkish language. It was translated into Persian during the reign of Akbar. In this, Babur has thrown detailed light on various subjects related to India. This description of him is very authentic from the historical point of view.

Question 8. What were the reasons for the failure of Humayun?
Answer - (i) The division of the empire done by Humayun for his brothers was a great political mistake.
(ii) Humayun inherited an empty treasury, due to which he had to face many difficulties.
(iii) Humayun was very fond of celebrating riots and alcohol etc.
(iv) The enemies of Humayun, Bahadur Shah and Sher Khan were very clever and powerful.
(v) Humayun lacked determination. He used to start another work without completing the task.

Question 9. Why did Humayun have to leave India?
Answer - (i) Humayun's brothers had created many problems for him.
(ii) Humayun lacked determination. He used to start another work without completing one task.
(iii) Humayun was very fond of celebrating and drinking alcohol.
(iv) Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj.

Question 10. Describe the major administrative reforms of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer- (1) Sher Shah Suri divided many administrative units of his empire for the convenience of administration. In these, highly qualified and honest employees were appointed.
(ii) He was very famous for impartial justice. At that time the criminals were punished severely.
(iii) Special efforts were made to promote agriculture and trade.
(iv) Roads and inns were built for public welfare.
(v) The army was made more powerful. Special attention was given to the training and discipline of soldiers.

Question 11. What measures did Sher Shah take to promote commerce and trade?
Answer (1) Means of transport were developed.
(ii) Arrangements were made for the safety of the life and property of the traders.
(ii) State employees were ordered to behave well with traders. When he died, his belongings were not confiscated.
(iv) The octroi tax was now levied at only two places instead of many places.
(v) Significant reforms were made in the monetary system.

Question 12. Describe the land revenue reforms of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer – (i) The measurement of cultivable land was done.
(ii) Land revenue was charged on the basis of the fertile strength of the land. Therefore the land was divided into middle and low grades.
(iii) The employees were instructed not to disturb the farmers in any way.
(iv) For the convenience of the farmers, the area sown under him, the type of crop and the tax to be paid by him were given to him by writing on a lease.
(v) Farmers could give their land revenue in cash or in the form of grain.

Question 13. Describe the military reforms of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer – (i) He formed a huge and powerful army.
(ii) He laid special emphasis on the training of the army.
(iii) He strictly enforced discipline in the army.
(iv) He introduced the practice of firing horses and keeping the appearance of soldiers.
(v) He built new forts at important places and got the old forts repaired.

Question 14. What were the main results of the Second Battle of Panipat?
Answer- (i) As a result of this war, the Afghan Empire kept going for the possibility of re-establishment in India. Hemu was defeated with a huge army. This deeply hurt the power of the Afghans. Right was acquired. Due to his defeat and death, all his hopes were dashed again (ii) the Mughal Empire was again established in India. If Hemu had defeated the Mughals in Agra and Delhi before this war, then the history of India would have been different.
(iii) The second battle of Panipat was actually won by the enthusiasm and efforts of Vairam Khan. So his fame spread far and wide. He was now more powerful than before.

Question 15. What were the reasons for the fall of Bairam Khan?
Answer- (1) Bairam Khan's power had made him arrogant. So he started doing his own thing in every work. Sardar became angry with Bairam Khan.
(ii) Bairam Khan got Tardi Beg killed because of his personal enmity. Due to this many Sardars got angry with Bairam Khan.
(iii) Bairam Khan believed in Shia faith. So he started appointing people of this religion to the high posts of the state. Sunni Muslims were not ready to tolerate this.
(iv) Bairam Khan deposed Akbar's teacher, Pir Muhammad. This was intolerable for Akbar.
(v) Akbar was now an adult. So he himself wanted to take over the rule.

Question 16 How did Akbar conquer Malwa? I sent
Answer- Akbar took Malwa under his control in 1561 AD, under the leadership of Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad, Malwa was ruled by Baz Bahadur, due to the music being busy, Baz Bahadur did not pay any attention to strengthen the army. So he was easily defeated by the Mughal army. He fled to Khandesh. On getting the opportunity, Baz Bahadur attacked Malwa and defeated Pir Muhammad. Now Akbar sent an army under the leadership of Abdullah Khan against Baz Bahadur. Baz Bahadur accepted Akbar's submission. In this way, in 1562 AD, Malwa became the possession of the Mughals.

Question 17. For what purposes did Akbar participate in Southern politics?
Answer – (1) Akbar wanted to establish his sovereignty in southern India like northern India.
(ii) He wanted to end the growing influence of the Portuguese in the south.
(iii) He wanted to establish political unity in India by bringing the northern and southern states under one rule.
(iv) At that time in the southern states, mutual struggle for power was going on. Akbar wanted to take advantage of this mutual split.

Question 18. Who was Chand Bibi?
Answer- Chand Bibi was the sister of Sultan Burhan-ul-Mulk of Ahmednagar and the queen of Bijapur. In 1595 AD, a huge Mughal army under the leadership of Prince Murad and Abdurrahim Khan-i-Khana conquered Ahmednagar, but they could not defeat the Mughals. Therefore he made a treaty of Supa with the Mughals in 1596 AD. According to this treaty, the Mughals got the territory of Berar and the Mughals accepted Bahadur Nizam Shah, the son of Burhan-ul-Mulk, as the Sultan of Ahmednagar. Soon Chand Bibi's opponents killed her.

Question 19. What were the main features of Akbar's Rajput policy?
Answer- (i) Akbar established marriage relations with Rajputs.
(ii) Akbar appointed Rajputs to high positions in the state on the basis of merit.
(iii) Akbar granted complete religious freedom to the Rajputs. He removed the pilgrimage tax and jizya tax levied on them.
(iv) Akbar did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Rajput states.
(v) Akbar fought with those Rajput states which did not accept his suzerainty.

Question 20. To what extent was Akbar's policy towards Rajput states successful?
Answer- (1) The Rajputs became the protectors of the Mughal Empire. He shed even the last drop of his blood to protect the Mughal Empire.
(ii) With the cooperation of the Rajputs, a powerful army was formed near the Mughals.
(iii) As a result of Akbar's Rajput policy, Rajputs and Muslims got a golden opportunity to come closer to each other.
(iv) This marked the beginning of a new era in the development of art and literature.
(v) Because of Rajputs, Akbar was able to give good administration to his subjects. The reason for this was that the Rajputs were very capable in administrative work.

Question 21. What do you know about Maharana Pratap?
answer - Maharana Pratap was one of the great patriots of India. He became the new ruler of Mewar in 1572 AD after the death of Rana Udai Singh. He categorically refused to accept the suzerainty of the Mughals. He took a vow to keep Mewar independent from the Mughals. For this purpose he started to strengthen his military power. To subdue Maharana Pratap, Akbar sent an army under Man Singh and Asaf Khan. 18 June at the place of Haldighati between Maharana Pratap and Mughal armies. A fierce battle took place in 1576 AD. Maharana Pratap fought the Mughal forces very bravely but due to lack of resources, he had to be defeated. Maharana Pratap had to take refuge in the forests, but despite this he continued his struggle with the Mughals. Before his death in 1597, he had conquered most of the Mewar region from the Mughals. While dying, he took a promise from his son Amar Singh that he would never accept the suzerainty of the Mughals. Thus Maharana Pratap instilled a new spirit among Indians for independence.

Question 22. Why is Akbar considered to be the greatest of the Mughal emperors?
Answer- (i) He established a huge empire.
(ii) He established a high order of administration.
(iii) He adopted a policy of tolerance towards all religions.
(iv) He encouraged art and literature.
(v) He implemented many social reforms.

Question 23. Describe any three events of Jahangir's reign.
Answer- (i) Jahangir suppressed the rebellion of Osman Khan in Bengal in 1612 AD.
(ii) Jahangir made a treaty with Rana Amar Singh, the ruler of Mewar in 1615 AD.
(iii) Kandahar was snatched from the Mughals in 1622 AD during the reign of Jahangir.
Question 24. What were the disastrous effects of Jahangir's marriage with Noorjahan?
Answer- (i) Due to the tricks of Nur Jahan, Kandahar got out of the hands of the Mughals in 1622 AD.
(ii) Nur Jahan wanted to put her son-in-law Shahryar on the Mughal throne after the death of Jahangir. This infuriated Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) and revolted. This caused a deep blow to the pride of the Mughals.
(iii) Mahabat Khan was a famous general of the Mughal Empire. Nur Jahan was jealous of his growing influence. Therefore, in 1626 AD, he revolted. This had a disastrous effect on Mughal politics.

Question 25. Why was Shah Jahan's policy of Central Asia unsuccessful? What was the result of this?
Answer- Shahjahan wanted to increase his glory by getting the territories of Central Asia. For this purpose, he sent an army under the leadership of Prince Murad in 1646 AD and Prince Aurangzeb in 1647 AD to conquer the Balakhs and Badakhs. Although the Mughals easily conquered Balakh, their victory did not prove to be permanent. The freedom-loving tribes there stunned the Mughals with their guerrilla attacks. As a result, the Mughals were forced to return to India. At the time of his return, the people of a tribe named Hazara suddenly attacked the Mughal armies due to this, due to which the pride of the Mughals was severely hurt, which had a very disastrous effect on the empire. They attacked and created a stampede. Thus Shah Jahan's policy of Central Asia was a complete failure.

Question 26. What were the reasons for the revolt of Rajputs during the reign of Aurangzeb?
Answer- (i) He had destroyed many famous temples of Hindus.
(ii) He again imposed Jizya tax on Hindus in 1679 AD.
(iii) He removed Hindus from government posts.
(iv) He tried his best to convert Hindus to Islam by force.

(v) Aurangzeb imposed more tax on Hindus than Muslims.
Question 27. State any three effects of the Rajput policy of Aurangzeb.
Answer – (i) The Rajputs became the arch enemies of Aurangzeb.
(ii) Due to the anti-Rajput policy, the Mughal Empire had to suffer immense loss of public and wealth.
(iii) This policy led to fatal consequences for the Mughal Empire and its decline started.

Question 28. Why did Aurangzeb's religious policy prove disastrous for the Mughal Empire?
Answer – (i) Due to the anti-Hindu policy of Aurangzeb, the flame of vengeance flared up in his mind.
(ii) Due to Aurangzeb's religious policy, the Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs and Rajputs took up arms against the Mughals. This caused unrest in the empire.
(iii) Aurangzeb deprived the Hindus of their official posts. This caused chaos in the governance system.
(iv) Aurangzeb had to spend a lot of money in suppressing the rebellions. This caused a lot of economic loss to the state.
(v) Due to Aurangzeb's religious policy, the Rajputs became vehemently opposed to the Mughals. This caused a deep blow to the Mughal Empire.

Question 29. Briefly describe Aurangzeb's conquest of Bijapur.
Answer – The campaigns sent by Aurangzeb to conquer Bijapur in 1665 AD under Jai Singh and in 1679 AD under Diler Khan failed miserably. Therefore, in 1685 AD, a huge army was sent against Bijapur under Prince Azam. The soldiers of Bijapur forced the Mughal armies forward for about 15 months and the Sultan of Bijapur, Sikandar Adil Shah, laid arms in front of the Mughals. Thus September, kept from growing. Finally Aurangzeb himself reached Bijapur. Under him the Mughal armies fought very valiantly. Eventually • Bijapur was included in the Mughal Empire in 1686 AD.

Question 30. How did Aurangzeb's south policy prove disastrous for the Mughal Empire?
Answer – Aurangzeb remained there for 25 years to conquer the South. The princely states of Bijapur and Golconda had to be done. Being embroiled in these battles, Aurangzeb could not pay attention to northern India. Aurangzeb made a big mistake by including the result in the Mughal Empire. Due to this he had a disastrous effect on agriculture and trade also due to continuous wars with the Marathas. As a result, there was unrest and anarchy against Aurangzeb and in India. Rebellions started from place to place. The administrative set up completely deteriorated. started happening. Thus Aurangzeb could not breathe a sigh of happiness.

Question 31. Which policies of Aurangzeb were responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer- (i) Aurangzeb had adopted the policy of centralization, which had many ill-effects.
(ii) Aurangzeb adopted a policy of intolerance towards non-Muslims. Due to this the Rajputs, the Indus Marathas, the Jats and the Satnami became the staunch enemies of the Mughal Empire.
(iii) Aurangzeb had made Rajputs his staunch opponents by his policies. It had fatal consequences. (iv) Aurangzeb's south policy proved disastrous for the Mughal Empire.
(v) Aurangzeb was a very suspicious person. Due to this many people of the state turned against him.

Question 32. What information do Mughal chronicles tell us?
Answer- (i) To give information about the emperor and the events of his time.
(ii) To give information about the court, aristocracy and royal family.
(iii) To give information about the administrative institutions of the Mughal period.
Question 33. Write any three objectives of the chronicles prepared by the Mughal rulers.
Answer- (i) To collect useful information for the emperor related to the areas under him.
(ii) Presenting a picture of an enlightened state to the people.
(ii) To make available the details of the Mughal emperors for future generations.

Question 34. Why did Akbar declare Persian as the state language?
Answer - (i) Akbar declared Persian as the state language because he wanted to maintain cultural and intellectual contact with Iran.
(ii) The Iranians and the people of Central Asia, who wished to get a position in the Mughal court, inspired the emperor to adopt this language.
(iii) At that time Persian was considered a symbol of power and prestige. Therefore, Akbar did not hesitate to adopt this.
(iv) This language was spoken by the people of the emperor, the royal family and the elite of the court. So that language became his first choice.
(v) Soon Persian also became popular among accountants, clerks and other officials.

Question 35. What is meant by Nastalik style?
Ans- Nastalik style was an art of calligraphy. It was adopted by the Mughal emperor Akbar. A small hole was made in the center of the tip of it so that it would absorb the ink easily. The hourglass was written by dipping a piece of reed which was called a pen. Usually a small hole was made in the center of the pen's lobe. So that it absorbs the ink easily.

Question 36. What was the role of painting in the preparation of Mughal manuscripts?
Ans- Painting played a significant role in the preparation of Mughal manuscripts. The histories detailing the events of the reign of a Mughal emperor were depicted through written text as well as through pictures. Therefore, when events or subjects had to be depicted in a visual form in a book, they used to make separate pictures. These images were later attached to the corresponding page in the manuscript. All these writers used to leave the pages around him blank. The painters studied the subject and painted accordingly. These paintings added to the beauty of the manuscript.

Question 37. Give an account of the progress made in the field of painting during the reign of Jahangir.
Answer – The reign of Jahangir is called the golden age of painting. Jahangir himself was a good painter. During his reign, Mughal painting had become completely Indian. Jahangir encouraged the painting of animals, birds and humans along with scenes from the courts and other events. At the time of Jahangir, the development of fine painting had started. Ustad Mansoor was the most eminent painter of Jahangir's court. Abdul Hasan, Farooq Baig, Murad, Madhav, Manohar, Tulsi and Keshav were other eminent painters of Jahangir.

Question 38. Write a note on 'Akbarnama'.
Answer- Abul Fazl's Akbarnama is undoubtedly an authentic and important source of knowing the history of the Mughal Empire. It presents to us the real picture of the reign of Akbar. Abul Fazl included intellectual element in historiography. He gave a new direction to the writing of history. He adopted a prudent and secular approach while writing it. He stayed far away from fundamentalism and traditionalism. He has described in the Akbarnama the events which he had seen with his own eyes or whose authenticity he had verified from others.

Question 39. What do you know about Badshahnama and its importance?
Answer- Badshahnama is considered to be the most valuable and authentic source related to the reign of Shah Jahan. It gives details of the events of 30 years related to the reign of Shah Jahan. Its first 20 years have been described by Abdul Hameed Lahori and the subsequent 10 years by Muhammad Waris. It also describes the life of Shah Jahan's ancestors, sheikhs, scholars and artists of Shah Jahan's reign.

Question 40. What is meant by Sulah-e-Kul?
answer-. Sulh-e-kul meant peace with all. The Mughal emperor Akbar implemented Sulh-i-Kul in his kingdom. He used to get the cooperation of different religions not on the strength of the sword but by the power of love. Therefore, he issued orders to all the officers of the Mughal Empire to follow the rules of Sulah-i-Kul in administration. He included pilgrimage tax in 1563 AD and Jaziya tax in 1564 AD including Dusalman etc. The posts and rewards given to them completely removed their service and loyalty to the emperor. Apart from this, the elite under him were based on Iranian, Turani, Afghan, Rajput and Indian. This undoubtedly marked the beginning of a new era in Mughal history.

Question 41. What is meant by Jharokha Darshan?
Answer - The Mughal emperor used to come after the morning prayer at sunrise facing east for Jharokha darshan, where he stayed for about an hour, Akbar started this institution. In the royal palaces there was a fixed window for the jharokha. A wide courtyard was visible below it where the little one used to come. Here he stayed for about an hour. Akbar started this institution. For the jhark. People of all classes, rich and poor, men and women, used to gather for the king's darshan. He could make his complaint before the king of Awadh without Kisa. Emperor Akbar used to redress them immediately. It's big, used to discuss. After that, the emperor used to supervise the army here and watch the battle of animals.

Question 42. Mention any three functions performed by the Mughal emperor in Diwan-i-Khas.
Answer- (i) Here the Mughal emperor used to hold private meetings and discuss confidential issues.
(ii) Here senior ministers of the state used to present their petitions before him.
(iii) Here the emperor looked after the works of high artists.

Question 43. What was the Haram during the Mughal period?
Answer- In the Mughal period, the word Haram was used for that part of the palace where the royal family lived the wives of the emperor, concubines, his near and distant relatives including mothers, step-mothers and women related to his sub-mothers. The word Haram is derived from Persian, which means holy place. The Mughal family included sisters, daughters, sons and brides, aunts, aunts and children etc. Apart from these, the harem also included female slaves and maids.

Question 44. Write the main features of the Mughal aristocracy.
Answer – The Mughal elite was a powerful and influential organization of the Mughals. It played a significant role in the politics and administration of the Mughals. Although the credit for the establishment of the Mughal elite is given to the Mughal emperor Babur, the Mughal emperor Akbar gave it a new direction. The task of recruitment in the Mughal elite was in the hands of the emperor only. He used to include only that mansabdar in the elite class who fit his eyes. The aristocracy was a powerful and privileged faction of the Mughal Empire. Therefore, it was not so easy for a common man to participate in it, irrespective of his ability.

Question 45. State any three information that can be recorded in the Mughal newspaper.
Answer- (i) Date and time of the meetings of the court.
(ii) Conferment of posts and titles in the court.
(iii) The arrival and reception of diplomatic delegations in the court.

Question 46. What was the position of the emperor in the Mughal rule?
Answer – The emperor was the 'axle' of the Mughal and the chief justice would have been the rule. Every right that came out of his mouth was said to be received. He was considered the chief commander of the army, the chief executive word law. He was the one who prepared the policies of the whole country and was very special to the Mughal emperor. For example, sitting on the throne, giving death penalty, issuing coins in your name, giving Jharokha darshan, giving titles, stamping royal orders, etc. The Mughal emperor appointed many ministers to give administrative advice, but whether or not to accept their advice depended on the emperor's wish.

Question 47. Who was the Diwan-i-Ala in the Mughal administration?
Answer – He was the finance minister of the Mughal state. He kept the details of the income and expenditure of the state. His signature made the rules. He used to recommend to the emperor for the appointment of provincial diwans and the people of his work could not get money out of the financial fund. He also used to inform the emperor about the collection of land revenue. He kept complete details of taxes and presented it to the emperor. He also used to set up his own court and used to decide the cases related to land revenue.

Question 48. What were the main reasons for Mir Bakshi in the Mughal administration?
Answer- Mir Bakshi was the head of the salary department of the Mughals at the centre. He used to distribute the salary to all the military and non-military officers. All the salary related bills were passed by him. He used to keep a record of the names, positions and salaries of all the mansabdars. Mansabdars were recruited, promoted and transferred on the recom

mendation of Emperor Mir Bakshi. He also looked after the affairs of the provincial Bakshis.
Question 49. What were the main tasks of the Subedars during the Mughal period?
Answer – He was the head of the provincial administration of the Mughals. His main function was to maintain peace and enforce law and order in the provinces. He used to get roads, canals, wells, gardens and hospitals built for the welfare and prosperity of the people. He also paid special attention to the development of agriculture. He maintained discipline in the army under him. He also helped the Diwan in collecting the rent. He paid full attention to the religious freedom of the people.

Question 50. Who was the Kotwal? What were his tasks?
Answer – Kotwal was a police officer. His main task was to manage peace in the city. He kept a close watch on the rogue people, prostitutes, liquor and drug dealers living in the city. He used to prevent crimes and arrange prisons. He looked after the markets and the mandis. He kept a close watch on the people coming from abroad. He used to arrange cemeteries in the city. He also managed the guard of the city.