Chapter - 7
An Imperial Capital : Vijayanagar
2 marks answer questions
Question 1. Who was Colonel Colin McKenzie?
Answer- Colonel Colin Mackenzie was working in the East India Company. He was a famous engineer, surveyor and cartographer. He prepared the first survey map of Hampi in 1800 AD. He became the first Surveyor General of India in 1815 AD. He died in 1821 AD.
Question 2. Who prepared the first survey map of Hampi and when? Who contributed to its preparation? Answer- (i) The first survey map of Hampi was prepared by Colonel Colin McKenzie in 1800 AD.
(ii) The priests of Virupaksha and Pampadevi made important contributions in its preparation.
Question 3. Who and when became the first Surveyor General of India? How long did he stay in this position?
Answer- (i) India's first Surveyor General Colin McKenzie became in 1815 AD.
(ii) He remained in this post till 1821 AD.
Question 4. Who took the first detailed pictures of the archaeological remains of Hampi and when?
Answer – Alexander Greenlow took the first detailed pictures of the archaeological remains of Hampi in 1856 AD.
Question 5. Who and when started compiling the records of the walls at Hampi?
Answer- The J.F. Fleet started compiling the records of the walls at Hampi in 1876 AD.
Question 6. Under whom did the conservation work in Happy started?
Answer- Conservation work in Happy started in 1902 AD under John Marshall.
Question 7. Hampi was recognized as a site of national importance and when did UNESCO declare this subject site?
Answer - (1) Hampi was recognized as a site of national importance in 1976 AD.
(ii) It was declared a World Archaeological Site by UNESCO in 1986.
Question 8. What do you mean by Karnataka Samiyaram?
Uttara Karnataka Empire means the Vijayanagara Empire. Contemporaries used to address the Vijayanagara Empire by name.
Question 9. When and who founded the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 AD by two brothers named Harihara and Bukka.
Question 10. When was the Vijayanagara Empire established? What was the name of its capital?
Answer- (1) The Vijayanagara Empire was established in 1336 AD.
(ii) The name of its capital was Hampi.
Question 11. What were the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan called?
Answer- (i) The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire were called Rayas.
(ii) The rulers of Deccan were called Sultans.
Question 12. What was the capital of Vijayanagara Empire and which dynasties ruled it?
Answer- (i) The capital of the Vijayanagara Empire was named Hampi.
(ii) The Sangam dynasty, Saluva dynasty, Tuluva dynasty and Aravidu dynasty ruled the Vijayanagara Empire.
Question 13. What was the contribution of Harihara I in the development of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- (i) Harihara I founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 AD.
(ii) He strengthened his military power.
(iii) He captured Madura, Hoysala and Banavasi.
Question 14. Who was Niccol de Canti? When and during whose reign did he visit the Vijayanagara Empire?
Ans- (i) Niccol de Canti was an Italian traveller.
(ii) He visited the Vijayanagara Empire in 1420 AD during the reign of Devaraya I.
Question 15. Who was the greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty? What was his reign?
Answer – (i) Niccol De Kanti was an Italian traveller.
(ii) He ruled from 1422 AD to 1446 AD.
Question 16. When was the Sangam dynasty established in the Vijayanagara Empire? When did it end?
Answer- (i) The Sangam dynasty was established in 1336 AD in the Vijayanagara Empire.
(ii) It ended in 1485 AD.
Question 17. What was the contribution of Narasimha in the development of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Narasimha's contribution in the development of Vijayanagara Empire was remarkable. He founded the Saluva dynasty in 1485 AD. He kept the Vijayanagara Empire safe by suppressing the rebellions.
Question 18. Who was Abdur Razzaq?
Answer- (i) Abdur Razzaq was an Iranian traveller.
(ii) He came to India during the reign of Devaraya II.
Question 19. Who were the two powerful rulers of Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer- The two powerful rulers of Vijayanagara kingdom were Devaraya II and Krishnadevaraya.
Question 20. Who was the most powerful ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire and how long did he rule?
Answer – (i) The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire was Krishna Deva Raya.
(ii) He ruled from 1509 AD to 1529 AD.
Question 21. Where was Raichur Doab located? When did Krishna Deva Raya take possession of it?
Answer – (i) Raichur Doab was situated between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers.
(ii) Krishnadeva Raya took over in 1512 AD.
Question 22. When did Krishna Deva Raya defeat the Sultans of Orissa and Bijapur?
Answer – (i) The ruler of Orissa was defeated in 1514 AD.
(ii) Krishna Deva Raya defeated the Sultan of Bijapur in 1520 AD.
Question 23. Name any two foreign travelers who came to the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya.
Answer- The two foreign travelers who came to the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya were Duarte Barbosa and Domingo Paes.
Question 24. State any two achievements of Krishna Deva Raya.
Answer- (i) What was his contribution to the Vijayanagara state? transformed into an empire.
(ii) He adopted a policy of tolerance towards all religions.
Question 25. When and between whom did the battle of Talikota take place?
Answer - (i) The Battle of Talikota took place on January 1565 between Vijayanagara and the four southern states (Ahmednagar, Bidar, Golconda and Bijapur).
Question 26. Write any two results of the Battle of Talikota.
Answer- (i) Vijayanagara Empire was defeated in this battle. As a result, his pride suffered a major setback.
(ii) During this battle the invaders destroyed the entire Vijayanagara city.
Question 27. Write any two reasons for the decline of Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer- (i) The central government of the Vijayanagara Empire was very weak.
(ii) The successors of Krishna Deva Raya turned out to be very weak and useless.
Question 28 Explain the meaning of the word Mandalam.
Answer- The province of Vijayanagara Empire was called Mandalam . The chief ruler of Mandalam was called Mandaleshwar. Mandleshwar was often related to the royal family. He had unlimited rights.
Question 29. Mention any two rights acquired by Mandaleshwar in the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer- (1) He could issue coins in his name.
(ii) He could impose new taxes or remove old taxes.
Question 30. Who was the Nayak in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Nayakas were the army chiefs in the Vijayanagara Empire. He generally controlled Durga. There were many soldiers under him. They used Telugu or Kannada language.
Question 31. Who were the immortal heroes in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Amar-Nayaka was a military commander in the Vijayanagara Empire. They generally controlled the forts. They were given territories for administration by the ruler. They were entitled to collect land revenue and other taxes. He used to send the ruler's present once a year.
Question 32. Why was the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire famous?
Answer- (i) The main basis of Vijayanagara administration was the will of the subjects.
(ii) The administrative officers of the state were competent and honest.
(iii) The Vijayanagara rulers followed the policy of religious tolerance.
Question 33. Name two temples built by the emperors of Vijayanagara.
Answer – The names of two famous temples built by the Vijayanagara emperors were Hazara Ram and Vitthal Mandir.
Question 34. Who was Kudirai Chetty?
Answer- Kudirai Chetty was a horse trader in the Vijayanagara Empire. They imported horses from Arabia and Central Asia.
Question 35. How were the water requirements of Vijayanagara met?
Answer : The water requirements of Vijayanagara were met by a natural pool formed by the Tungabhadra river.
Question 36. Which was the most important reservoir built in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer – The most important reservoir built in the Vijayanagara Empire was the Kamalapuram reservoir.
Question 37. Which was the most famous of the water structures that were built in the Vijayanagara Empire? Who built it?
Answer – (i) The most famous of the water structures built in the Vijayanagara Empire was the Hiriya Canal.
(ii) It was built by the rulers of the Sangam dynasty.
Question 38. Which foreign traveler highly praised the fortifications of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer – Abdur Razzaq greatly praised the fortifications of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Question 39. Write any two features of the roads of Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer – (i) These roads were very paved.
(ii) These roads were generally built in the valley area.
Q40.The term 'Royal Centre' was used for which part of the city? Mention two famous buildings located here.
Answer – (i) The term royal center was used for the south-west part of the city.
(ii) Two famous buildings located here are Mahanavami Dibba and Kamal Mahal.
Question 41. Where was the king's building located in the Vijayanagara Empire? What were its two famous buildings?
Answer- (i) The king's building was located at Hampi in the Vijayanagara Empire.
(ii) It had two famous buildings – Sabha Bhawan and Mahanavami Dibba.
Question 42. Where was the Mahanavami Dibba located in the Vijayanagara Empire? What was it used for?
Answer – (i) Mahanavami Dibba was located in Hampi in the Vijayanagara Empire.
(ii) It was used by Hindus for the festival of Mahanavami.
Question 43. Where is the Lotus Mahal located? Who gave it this name and when?
Answer – (i) Lotus Mahal is located in Hapi.
(ii) It was given this name by British travelers in the 19th century.
Question 44 Write any two features of Lotus Mahal.
Answer – (i) Its pillars and arches were built according to the Muslim style.
(ii) The walls and roofs of this building were built according to the Indian style.
Question 45. Where is the Hazara Ram temple located? Who built it and when?
Answer- (i) Thousand Ram Mandir is located in Hampi.
(ii) It was built by Krishna Deva Raya in 1520 AD.
(iii) It was a royal prayer place.
Question 46. Which part was called 'religious centre'? Name any one temple located here.
Answer – (i) The religious center was called the rocky northern part of the Tungabhadra river bank.
(ii) The temple of Virupaksha was situated here.
Question 47. Who was Pampadevi?
Answer – Pampadevi was the local mother goddess of the Vijayanagara Empire. He did severe penance in the hills of Hampi to marry Virupaksha, the patron deity of the kingdom and a form of Shiva.
Question 48. Which rulers carried forward the tradition of temple building by the Vijayanagara rulers and why?
Answer- (i) The rulers of Vijayanagara carried forward the tradition of the Pallava, Chalukya Hoysalas and Chola rulers.
(ii) This was done by the rulers to link their relationship with God.
Question 49. Which was the official language of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Kannada was the state language of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Question 50. In whose name did the Vijayanagara rulers run their rule?
Answer- Vijayanagara ruler used to run his rule in the name of Virupaksha.
3 marks answer questions
Question 1. Who was Colonel Colin McKenzie? What did he contribute to the discovery of Hampi?
Answer- Hampi was the name of the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Colonel Colin McKenzie made a remarkable contribution in its discovery. He worked in the East India Company. He earned a reputation as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. He visited the Vijayanagara Empire in 18000. He did Hapi's first. In view of his remarkable contribution, he was made the first general of India in 18150. Prepared survey map. The priests of Virupaksha and Pampadevi provided important information in its preparation.
Question 2. How was the Vijayanagara Empire established?
Answer – Two brothers named Harihara and Bukka used to work with the ruler of Kampili. When Muhammad bin Tughlaq attacked the south in 1327 AD, these two brothers were taken captive and brought to Delhi. In Kapili the Hindus revolted against the Muslims. In order to gain control of the situation, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent a heavy army under Harihar and Bukka to Kopili. On reaching Kapili, both of them left Islam at the behest of their guru Vidyarana and became Hindus again. With the inspiration of Vidyarana, he established the Vijayanagara Empire on the banks of the Sugabhadra river in 1336 AD.
Question 3. Write a note on Sangam dynasty.
Answer- In the Vijayanagara Empire, the Sangam dynasty was founded in 1336 AD by two brothers named Harihara and Bukka I. This dynasty was named Sangam because his father belonged to the Sangam dynasty. Devaraya I and Devaraya II made remarkable contributions in the expansion and strengthening of the Sangam dynasty. The last ruler of this dynasty was Virupaksha II.
Question 4. Why was Devaraya II famous?
Answer- (i) That Sangam was the greatest ruler of the country.
(ii) He snatched the Raichur Doab from the Bahmani kingdom, defeated the ruler of Sri Lanka.
( iii ) He adopted a policy of religious tolerance towards all religions.
(iv) He encouraged art and literature.
(v) He made many important reforms in administrative management.
Question 5. What were the main reasons for the conflict between the kings of Bahmani and Vijayanagara? What was the result of their struggle?
Answer – (a) Due to the conflict, the rulers of Vijayanagara and the Bahmani sultans wanted to control their control over the Tungabhadra Doab (Raichur Doab), the Krishna-Cauvery Valley and the Konkan region of Marathwada. Stayed . These three regions were famous for their economic wealth. Therefore both the Vijayanagara and the Bahmani kingdoms wanted to control them.
(b) Result – The struggle going on between Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms proved to be disastrous for both the states. A large number of people died in this struggle. Many were made slaves. The economy was also hit hard.
Question 6. Why is Krishnadeva Raya considered the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer – (i) He defeated the rulers of Bahmani, Bijapur, Umatur, Orissa and Golconda and conquered many of their important territories.
(ii) He made many commendable reforms in administrative management.
(iii) He took special measures to promote agriculture and trade.
(iv) He adopted a policy of tolerance towards all religions.
(v) He himself was a famous scholar and had patronized many scholars in his court.
Question 7 Write a note on the Battle of Talikota.
Answer- Ramaraya who was the minister of Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiv Raya was a very ambitious person. He started attacking the Muslim territories located with the aim of expanding the Vijayanagara Empire. During these invasions he committed a lot of atrocities on the Muslims. As a result, the rulers of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar formed a federation and attacked the Vijayanagara Empire. The Vijayanagara army was severely defeated in the battle at Talikota on January 23, 1565. Ram Rai was captured and killed. After this the Muslims inflicted heavy destruction in the Vijayanagara Empire. In fact, this battle led to the downfall of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Question 8. What were the reasons for the decline of Vijayanagara Empire? Explain three reasons for the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer- (i) The Vijayanagara Empire continued to have constant wars with the Muslim states of the south, due to which it suffered a lot of power.
(ii) In the Vijayanagara Empire, the pratipatis had relatively more freedom. Due to this the central government became weak. (iii) Due to the abundance of wealth, the people of Vijayanagara Empire used to spend most of their time in Rangarlis. The downfall of such an empire was certain.
(iv) Most of the successors of Krishna Deva Raya proved to be weak and incompetent.
(v) The Battle of Talikota inflicted a severe blow on the faltering Vijayanagara Empire and it was torn apart like Ray's palace.
Question 9. What were the main features of the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- (i) The king was the head of the central government. He had immense powers. There was a council of ministers to assist him.
(ii) The Vijayanagara Empire was divided into many provinces or divisions. The head of the province was called Mandleshwar. He had many rights and ruled independently.
(iii) The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village, along with the village council, administered the government.
Question 10. What was the role of the Amar-Nayaks in the Vijayanagara administration?
Answer- The Amar-Nayaks had a remarkable role in the Vijayanagara administration. He was the army chief. He was generally in control. They were independent in the internal management of the territories under them. They used to collect land revenue and other taxes from farmers, craftsmen, traders. They used to keep some part of the revenue for their personal use and for the care of horses and elephants. They used to spend some revenue on the maintenance of temples and development of irrigation facilities. They accepted the sovereignty of the king. They used to make it annual. He was also sent military aid.
Question: 11. How was the provincial administration of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- The Vijayanagara Empire was divided into several provinces. Their number was not fixed. The province was called Mandalam. The head of the province was called Pranapati. He was appointed by the king. Often princes were appointed to this post. They had many rights to keep their army, to hold court, to issue coins, to remove old taxes, etc. Therefore, the governance of the provinces was the model of the centre. The province had to send troops to the king when needed and had to pay a fixed annual tax.
Question 12. How was the financial management of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- The financial management of the Vijayanagara Empire was very good. The main source of income of the state was land revenue, it was called the Raya Rekha. It varied on the basis of the fertile power of the land and the means of irrigation. It was 1/3 to 1/6 of the total yield. The government used to provide special facilities to the farmers to encourage agriculture. Profession tax, property tax, octroi tax, marriage tax etc. were other sources of income of the state. A large part of the state's income was spent on the works of the king, army, temples and public welfare.
Question 13. What were the main features of the social life of the people of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- The social life of the people in the Vijayanagara Empire was very good. At that time many castes and sub-castes were prevalent in the Vijayanagara society. Brahmins were given special respect in the society. At that time the feeling of untouchability was not developed in the society. Women were highly respected in the society of that time. The people of those times used to eat both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. People of that time used to entertain themselves by various means.
Question 14. How was the condition of women in Vijayanagara society?
Answer- Overall condition of women in Vijayanagara society was good. They took an active part in the political, socio-economic and religious life of the empire. They were generally well educated. He had the opportunity to progress in every sphere of life. She was proficient in music and other arts. Girls on the other hand had to lead a degrading life at a young age. The marriage was done. Due to the evil practices like polygamy, sati system, dowry system and prostitution etc., they had to lead a degrading life.
Question 15. What was the standard of living of the different sections of the people of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- There was a lot of difference in the lives of different sections of the people of the Vijayanagara Empire. The upper class people lived a life of luxury and luxury. They lived in grand palaces. They wore expensive clothes and ate a variety of delicious food. There were a large number of servants to serve him. The living of the middle class people was also well done. The reason for this was that the prices of commodities were very low at that time. The people of the lower class, which included farmers, slaves, laborers, etc., lived a life of great poverty. They often used to be naked and used to make their living by eating rats, cats etc.
Question 16. Write any three features of the fortifications of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer- (i) Nothing was used for mortar or bonding in the construction of the walls of the fortifications.
(ii) Pieces of stone were used in these.
(iii) The interior of the walls was made of a mixture of mud and rubble.
Question 17. What were the advantages in your opinion of placing the agricultural area in the fortified area of the city?
Answer- (i) In these fields there were houses of ordinary people nearby. So it was easy for the farmers to take care of these fields. (ii) Extensive canals were built to irrigate these fields.
(iii) There was no danger of these fields being destroyed by wild animals.
Question 18. What were the disadvantages in your view of keeping agriculture in the fortified area of the city?
Answer - (i) Due to this, the farmers living outside the fortification had to face many difficulties.
(ii) This policy was very costly for the government.
(iii) Farming was extensively damaged due to invasion by the enemy.
Question 19. What do you know about the Mahanavami Dibba located in the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer- Mahanavami Dibba was located in Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It was a huge stage. Its base was 11000 square feet and height was 40 feet. Here the Hindu festival of Mahanavami or Navratras was celebrated with great pomp. Many programs were organized on this occasion. On this occasion, the Vijayanagara ruler used to display his splendor and power and a huge procession was also taken out.
Question 20. Throw light on the Lotus Mahal.
Answer- The Lotus (Lotus) palace is the most beautiful and grand among the buildings located in the royal center. It was named by English travelers in the 19th century. There are differences among historians about the purpose for which this building was built. According to some, it was a council house where the king used to meet his advisors. In this regard he gives evidence of a map made by Colonel Colin McKenzie. This Nivan was constructed according to the Indian Muslim style. Its pillars and arches were built according to the Muslim style. The walls and roofs of this building were made according to the Indian style. Indian style was also used in the decoration of this building. The pillars and walls of this building were decorated with stone and wooden sculptures.
Question 21 Haptar Describe the Ram temple.
उत्तर- हजार राम मंदिर की गणना विजयनगर साम्राज्य के भव्य मंदिरों में की जाती है । इसका निर्माण हंपी में कृष्णदेव राय ने 1520 ई ० में करवाया था । इसका निर्माण राज परिवार के प्रयोग के लिए किया गया था । यह एक प्रकार से शाही प्रार्थनास्थल था । इस मंदिर के निर्माण में पत्थर एवं ईटा दोनों का प्रयोग किया गया था । इस मंदिर का गर्भगृह मुख्य देवता का पूजागृह ) , कल्याण मंडप ( देवी - देवता के विवाह को समर्पित भवन ) तथा विमान । इस मंदिर के महामंडप ( अनेक स्तंभों वाला हाल ) के चार केंद्रीय स्तंभों की चमकदार ( शिखर ) बहुत प्रभावशाली । है । पर उत्कृष्ट मूर्तियों बनाई गई है । ये मूर्तियाँ रामायण के दृश्यों को प्रदर्शित करती है । इस मंदिर की बाहरी दीवारों काले रंग की पॉलिश की गई है , जबकि अन्य स्तंभ भूर ( gryaish ) रंग के हैं । इस मंदिर की दीवारों एवं स्तंभी संबंधित दृश्यों को दर्शाया गया है ।
Question 22. Write the Mahanavami work on any three major temples.
Answer – (1) Due to the large number of devotees coming to the temples, a feeling of mutual harmony and brotherhood was generated among them.
(2) The works of public good were done by the temples.
(3) Free education was given to the students by the temples.
Question 23. Write any three features of Dravidian style.
Answer- (i) The vimana of the temple was pyramid shaped.
(ii) The temple had several storeys and each one was smaller than the one below it.
(iii) The temple usually had an open courtyard.
Question 24. What do you know about Virupaksha Temple?
Answer – Virupaksha temple was located in Hampi. It was built over many centuries. Many rulers had contributed in the construction of this temple, Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadeva Raya built a huge pavilion and gopuram in this temple. Scenes from Mahabharata are depicted on the walls and ceilings of this temple. One is amazed to see the sculptures and paintings made in this temple.
Question 25. Why was the Vitthal temple famous?
Answer- The Vitthal temple is the most ornate of all the temples established in the Vijayanagara Empire. Its construction was started in 1513 AD by Krishna Deva Raya, the ruler of Vijayanagara in Hampi. Its construction work continued even during the time of his successors, but it could not be completed. This temple is dedicated to the deity Vitthal Bhava Vishnu. This temple is built in a 152 x 94 meter compound. This temple has three gopurams (entrance gates). They are very ornate. There are 48 beautiful pillars in the Kalyan Mandap of this temple and 56 in the Mandap. These pillars have been made by cutting rocks. The person is astonished to see the art of the idols that have been made on them. A chariot has been built in front of this temple. The craftsmanship done on it adds to the beauty of the main temple.
