Chapter - 6
Bhakti - Sufi Tradition
2 marks answer questions
Question 1. Which works have been included in the new literary volumes from the 8th to the 18th century? Write any two characteristics of them.
Answer- (i) The works of saint poets were included in the new literary sources from the 8th to the 18th century.
(ii) They had expressed themselves orally in the regional languages of the common people.
(iii) Most of these compositions are musical and were compiled by the followers of the saints after their death.
Question 2. Why do historians use the biographies of saint poets written by their followers?
Answer- Historians use their biographies written by the followers of saint poets because they give important information about their (saints) lives.
Question 3. State any two religious beliefs prevalent between 8th to 18th century.
Answer- (i) The tradition of worshiping Vishnu, Shiva and Goddess continued during this period.
(ii) During this period the Brahmins accepted the beliefs of women, Shudras and other social classes.
Question 4. Who and when was the practice of the words called great and minor traditions?
Answer – The words named great and small traditions were coined by the sociologist Robert Redfield in the 20th century.
Question 5. What do historians deduce from the syncretism of the sect? Where did you get the most typical example of this?
Answer- (1) By the coordination of the sect, the historian means the coordination of worship systems.
(ii) The most typical example of this is found from Puri, Orissa.
Question 6. When and where did the worship of Jagannath become popular?
Answer- The worship of Jagannath was practiced in the 12th century in Puri, Orissa.
Question 7. What is meant by Jagannath? Write the names of Jagannath's brother and sister.
Answer- (1) Jagannath means the lord of the whole world.
(ii) His brother's name was Balarama and sister's name was Subhadra.
Question 8. Which major goddesses continued to be worshipped between 8th and 18th century?
Answer- The practice of worshiping Vishnu's wife Lakshmi, Shiva's wife Parvati and Buddhist goddess Marichi continued from the 8th to the 18th century.
Question 9. What was the Tantric worship system?
Answer- (i) Tantric worship method meant the worship of Goddess.
(ii) Both men and women could participate in it.
Question 10. Which gods of the Vedic period lost their importance between 8th to 18th century? Where have we got the evidence of this?
Answer (1) The importance of Indra, Agni and Soma of the Vedic period was lost from the 8th to the 18th century.
(ii) We get evidence of this from contemporary literature and sculpture.
Question 11. Why did conflicts sometimes arise in the Vedic tradition and the Tantric system of worship?
Answer- (i) The admirers of the Vedic tradition used to criticize all those beliefs which were apart from the chanting of mantras and performing yagyas for the worship of God.
(ii) The followers of the Tantric tradition disregarded the Vedic Sana.
Question 12. Who were the Alvars and Nayanars?
Answer- (i) Alvars were worshipers of Vishnu in South India.
(ii) Nayanars were worshipers of Shiva in South India.
Q13. Who was Alwar?
Answer- Alwar was a saint of South India. He was a worshiper of Vishnu. He used to promote himself in Tamil language. Nalayiradivyaprabandham was his famous book. He was a staunch opponent of the caste system.
Question 14. Who compiled the bandha and in which language?
Answer : The compilation of Nalayiradivyaprabandham was done by 12 Alvars in Tamil language.
Question15. What were the two main teachings of the Alvars?
Answer- (1) Vishnu was considered infinite and omnipresent.
(ii) He was a staunch opponent of the caste system.
Q16. Name two famous temples of Alvars. Where are they located?
Answer - (1) The names of two famous temples of Alvars are Adivaraha Temple and Bankut Parumal Temple.
(ii) Adi Varaha Temple at Mahabalipuram and Bekuntha Perumal Temple at Kanchi.
Question 17. Who was Andal and Karaikkal Ammaiyar?
Ans- (1) Andal was famous Alwar devotee.
(ii) Karaikkal Ammiyar was a famous Nayanar devotee.
Question 18. In which language did the Alvars and Nayanars spread their propaganda?
Answer- Alvars and Nayanars did their propaganda in Tamil language.
Question 19. Who were the Nayanars?
Answer – Nayanar was a saint of South India. The number of these saints is said to be 63. He was a worshiper of Shiva. The name of his famous book was Agama. He also did his campaign in Tamil language.
Question 20. Write the names of any two famous Nayanar saints.
Answer – The names of two famous Nayanar saints were Appar and Sundarar.
Question 21. What were the two main teachings of the Nayanars?
Answer - (i) They considered Shiva to be supreme.
(ii) He opposed the caste system.
Question 22. Which rulers maintained close relations with the Nayanars? At which places did he get Shiva temples built?
Answer- (i) The Chola and Rashtrakuta rulers maintained close relations with the Nayanars.
(ii) He got Shiva temples constructed at Chidambaram, Thanjavur, Gangaikodacholapuram and Ellora.
Question 23. Which idol of Shiva was built by the Chola rulers? What metal was it made of?
Answer – (i) The Chola rulers got the Nataraja statue of Shiva built.
(ii) It was made of bronze metal.
Question 24. Who was Basavanna?
Answer- Basavanna led the Veerashaiva movement in Karnataka in the 12th century. He emphasized on the worship of Shiva. He inspired people to lead a holy life. He strongly denounced the caste system.
Q25. Who was Veershaiva?
Answer - (1) The Varshavas were also known as Lingayats.
(ii) It was because he wore a linga.
Question 26. In which language did Basavanna preach and by what name were the verses composed by him known?
Answer – (1) Basavanna preached in Kannada language.
(ii) The verses composed by him were known as Vachan.
Question 27. Who was Jangam?
Answer: Jagam was a nomadic bhikkhu belonging to Veershaiva sect.
Question 28. When and where was Prophet Hazrat Muhammad born?
Answer- Prophet Hazrat Muhammad was born in Mecca on August 29, 570 AD.
Question 29. Who, when and where was Islam founded?
Answer- Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the seventh century.
Question 30. Write two teachings of Islam religion.
Answer- (i) Allah is one. He is supreme.
(ii) People should lead a simple and pious life.
Question 31. State any two pillars of Islam.
Answer- (i) Every Muslim should read Maaz five times in a day.
(ii) Every Muslim should perform Hajj once in his lifetime.
Question 32. What is the name of the religious text of Islam? In which language is this?
Answer- (i) The name of the religious text of Islam is Quran.
(ii) It is in Arabic language.
Question 33. Who was Muhammad bin Qasim? why was he famous ?
Answer – (i) Muhammad bin Qasim was the commander of the Subedar Al Hajjaj of Basra.
(ii) He was famous for the Singh victory in 711 AD.
Question 34. Who and when laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate?
Answer- The foundation of Delhi Sultanate was laid by the Turks in 1206 AD.
Question 35. Who were the Ulama?
Answer- Ulama was a knower of Islam. He was considered the patron of Islam. He used to try to spread Islam.
Question 36. What do you mean by Sharia?
Answer- By Sharia we mean Islamic law. It is based on Quran, Hadith, Qiyas and Ijma. The Ulama expected the rulers to implement Sharia in their governance.
Question 37. What is meant by Jimmy?
Answer- The Zimmi were the protected people living in the Muslim area. They were non-Muslims. These people were exempted from following Islamic rules in exchange for the jizya tax.
Question 38. Akbar adopted a liberal policy towards non-Muslims. Give any two points.
Answer- (i) He abolished pilgrimage tax and jizya tax on Hindus.
(ii) He gave land grants to non-Muslims.
Question 39 What is meant by matriarchy?
Answer – Matrigrihata means where women lived with their husband and children in their maternal home after marriage.
Question 40 What is meant by life?
Answer – Jeenan was a devotional song. These were sung in special ragas by Muslims during their prayers.
Question 41. To what extent is the architecture of mosques found in the subcontinent a fusion of local customs and universal ideals?
Answer – (1) Some architectural elements of mosques were the same everywhere, such as the orientation of the building towards Mecca.
(2) Some of the architectural elements of the mosques were of local custom, such as roof designs and construction materials.
Q 42. When and where was the Atiya Masjid built?
Answer – Atiya Mosque was built in 1609 AD in Mamnsing district of Bangladesh.
Question 43 Which mosque of Srinagar is known as Mukut ka Nagina? Was it built?
Ans- (i) Shah Hamdan Mosque of Srinagar is known as Mukut Ka Nagina.
(ii) It was built in 1395 AD.
Question 44. What do you mean by the word Sufi? Or who were the Sufis?
Answer – Sufi There is a difference in the views of the scholars related to what they mean by the word Sufi. According to some it is said because he was of clean (pure) heart. According to some others, they were so called because they wore Suf (wool) clothes.
Question 45. Explain the meaning of the word Pir.
Answer- The saint who used to lead each series of Sufis was called Pir. He lived a very pious life. Sufis considered it necessary to have a Pir to reach Allah.
Question 46. Explain the meaning of the word Murid.
Answer – The disciples who were under a Pir were called Murids. The relationship between Pir and Murid was of great importance in Sufi ideology. The Murid followed in the footsteps of his Guru.
Question 47. Explain the meaning of the word hose.
Answer- Each pir used to appoint one of his murids as his successor for the purpose of continuing his work. This successor was called Vali.
Question 48. Explain the meaning of the word Khanqah.
Answer – The ashram where Sufi saints and their followers lived was called Khanqah. Here only religious subjects were discussed.
Question 49. Explain the meaning of the word Sama.
Answer – The religious musical assemblies of Sufis are called sama. Famous poets and singers also participated in these meetings. Special importance was given to music in Sama.
Question 50. Write any two teachings of Sufism.
Answer – (i) They believe in one Allah.
(ii) They consider service to humanity as their supreme religion.
Question 51. Name two famous centers of Sufis in India.
Answer – Delhi and Ajmer were the two famous centers of Sufis in India.
3 marks answer questions
Question 52. What is meant by sequence? When did the formation of Sufi Silsilo begin in the Islamic world?
Answer- (1) By silsila means chain which is a symbol of continuous relationship between Sheikh and Murid.
(ii) The formation of Sufi silsilas in the Islamic world began around the 12th century. The famous silsilas were Chishti and Suhrawardi.
Question 53. What were the two famous silsilas of Sufis in India?
Answer- The two famous sililas of Sufis in India were Chisti and Suhrawardi .
Question 54. Which Sufi saint was the one who founded the Chisti Silsila and where did it finally settle down?
Answer – (i) The foundation of the Chishti sequence in India was laid by Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti.
(ii) Finally he settled in Ajmer.
Question 55. Write the names of four famous Sufi saints in India.
Answer – The names of four famous Sufi saints in India were (1) Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti (ii) Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti (iii) Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya and (iv) Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-e-Shakar.
Question 56. Who were the two famous Suhrawardi saints of India?
Answer – Two famous Suhrawardi saints of India were Shahabuddin Suhrawardi and Hamid-ud-din Nagori.
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Question 57. State two main differences between the Chishti and Suhrawadi sequences.
Answer - (1) Chishti considered money bad while Suhrawardi did not.
(ii) Chishti did not serve the state while Suhrawardy was in favor of it.
Question 58. Who was the founder of Qadiri Silsila? Who was the most famous sheikh of this series in India?
Answer- (i) The founder of Qadiri Silsila was Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani.
(ii) Sheikh Mian Mir was the most famous of this series in India.
Question 59. Who was the founder of Naqshbandi sequence in India? Who led this series during the time of Jahangir?
Answer- (i) The founder of the Naqshbandi sequence in India was Sheikh Baqi Billah.
(ii) During the time of Jahangir, this series was led by Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
Question 60, What is meant by Ba-Shariah and Be-Shariah?
Answer - (i) Sufis who followed Sharia (Islamic law) were called ba sharia.
(ii) Sufis who disobeyed Sharia were called Bay-Sharias.
Question 61. What was the real name of Data Ganj Baksh? Which famous book did he write?
Answer- (i) The real name of Data Ganj Baksh was Ali bin Osman Hujwiri.
(ii) He wrote the famous book Kashf-ul-Mahjub.
Question 62. Who was the founder of Chishti silsila in India? By what other names was he also known?
Answer – (i) Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti was the founder of Chishti silsila in India.
(ii) He was also known as Garib Nawaz.
Question 63. Which mufi sheikh was known as Sultan? His promotion to the center?
Answer- (1) Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya was known as Sultan-ul-Mashekh.
(ii) His campaign center was Delhi.
Question 64 Who was Amir Khusrau?
Answer – Amir Khusro was a famous historian of Delhi Sultanate and a famous disciple of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
Question 65. Who was Baba Farid?
Answer- Baba Farid is counted among the famous Sufis of India. He was a famous disciple of Qutb-ud-Din Bakhtiyar. His propaganda center was Ajodhan. He made people mutual.
Message of brotherhood and love.
Question 66, Which Sufi sheikh was called the lamp of the country? When did he die?
Answer- (1) Sheikh Naseeruddin Chirag-e-Dehli was called the lamp of the country.
(2) He died in 1356 AD.
Question 67. State any two characteristics of Chishti Khanqahs.
Answer – (i) The Chishti Khanqahs were made of mud and thatch.
(ii) Each khanqah was looked after by a sheikh.
Question 68. Which Sufi sheikh's Khanqah we get detailed information about? Where was this Khanqah located?
Answer- (i) We get detailed information about the Khanqah of Sufi Sheikh, Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
(ii) This Khanqah was located at Ghiyaspur on the banks of Yamuna in Delhi.
Question 69. Write the names of any two famous persons who came to the Khanqah of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
Answer- (1) Amir Khusrau (ii) Ziauddin Barani.
Question 70. Write any two features of community kitchen of Sufis.
Answer – (i) This kitchen used to run on Khair (Futuh) without asking.
(ii) In this, people of all classes could eat langar without any differences.
Question 71. Write any two purposes due to which people used to come to Sufi Khanqahs?
Answer- (i) To become a follower of Sheikh.
(ii) To worship Sheikh.
Question 72. Mention any two practices which indicate that the Sufis tried to adopt local traditions?
Answer- (i) Bowing before Sheikh. (ii) To shave the heads of the Dikshits.
Question 73. What were the two famous methods of Chishti worship?
Answer – (i) Ziyarat Karna (ii) Qawwali song.
Question 74. What is meant by Ziyarat? What was its purpose?
Answer- (i) Ziyarat means the pilgrimage to the shrines of Sufi saints.
(ii) Its purpose is to seek the spiritual blessings of a Sufi saint.
Question 75. Among the Chishti dargahs, whose is the most revered dargah and where is it located?
Answer – (i) The most revered dargah of Chishti Dargah is that of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti.
(ii) It is located in Ajmer.
Question 76. Name the Sultan who was the first to visit the Dargah of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti?
Answer - The name of that Sultan was Muhammad bin Tughlaq who had visited the dargah of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti.
Question 77. How many times did the Mughal emperor Akbar visit Ajmer's Dargah, what was his purpose?
Answer – (i) The Mughal emperor Akbar went to Ajmer's Dargah fourteen times.
(ii) Their purpose was to seek blessings for a new victory or on the fulfillment of the resolution or on the birth of son Salim.
Question 78. Which Mughal princess visited Ajmer Dargah and when?
Answer – Mughal princess Jahanara had visited Ajmer's Dargah in 1643 AD.
Question 79. What is meant by Kaul? Who introduced it?
Answer - (i) Kaul means proverb. It was sung at the beginning and end of the Qawwali.
(ii) It was practiced by Amir Khusrau.
QID : 80 Give any two reasons for the popularity of Chishti Silsila.
Answer- (1) Chishti used to spend the money received in the offering on the management of Khanqah and Sama etc.
(ii) Chishti Sheikh lived a very simple and pious life.
Question 81. What is meant by Masnavi? What was their purpose?
Answer- (1) Masnavi were long poems written by Sufis.
(ii) Their purpose is to express human love for Allah.
Question 82. Who was the author of Padmavat? What was its subject?
Answer- (1) The author of Padmavat was Malik Muhammad Jayasi. (ii) Its theme was the love story of Rani Padmini and Ratansen, the ruler of Chittor.
Question 83. Why were the rulers willing to establish close relations with the Sufi saints? Give any two reasons.
Answer – (i) The rulers wanted to increase their prestige.
(ii) The ruler wanted to get the boon of salvation from the Sufi saints.
Question 84. What did the Sultans do with the aim of getting the cooperation of the Sufi saints? Give any two points.
Answer – (i) He rejected the demand of the Ulama to implement Sharia.
(ii) He presented donations to Sufi Khanqahs.
Question 85. Give any two reasons for the tension between Sufi saints and Sultans.
Answer- (i) The followers of Sufi saints bow before them and kiss their feet.
(ii) Adoption of pompous titles by Sufi saints.
Question 86. Which two Sufi silsils had close relations with the state?
Answer- (i) Suhrawardi (ii) Naqshbandi.
Question 87. State any two influences of Sufism.
Answer - (i) Due to this, mutual reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims started increasing.
(ii) It gave a new contribution to music by introducing the practice of Qawwali.
Question 88. Name any two famous sources of Sufism.
Ans- (i) Kashf-ul-Mahjub (ii) Malfujat.
Question 89. Who composed Kashf-ul-Mahjub? What was its subject?
Answer- (i) Kashf-ul-Mahjub was composed by Shaikh Ali bin Osman Hujwiri or Data Ganj Baksh.
(ii) It highlights Sufi principles.
Question 90. What is Fawaid-al-Fuad? Who compiled it?
Answer- (i) Fawaid -al-Fuad is a Malfuzat. It is based on the conversation of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
(ii) It was compiled by Amir Hasan Sijzi Dehlvi.
Question 91. What do you mean by Maktubat?
Answer- These leaflets written by Maktubat Sufi saints to their followers and associates get information about the experiences of Sufi saints about truth.
Question 92. What is meant by Maktubat-e-Im Rabbani?
Answer – Maktubat-e – Imam Rabbani is a compilation of letters written by Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
Question 93. What is meant by Tajkira? Which is the first Tajkira written in India and who was its author?
Answer- (i) Tajkira means the remembrance of the biographies of Sufi saints.
(ii) The first Tajkira written in India is Siyar-ul-Auliya.
(iii) Its author was Mor Khurd Kirmani.
Question 94: Which is the most famous Tajkira written in India? Name its author.
Answer- (1) The most famous Tajkira newspaper written in India is-ul-Akhyar.
(ii) Its author was Abdul Haq Muhadis Dehlavi.
Question 95. Write any two objectives of the compilation of Tajkira.
Answer – (1) To establish the supremacy of your sequence. (2) To liken your spiritual lineage.
