Chapter - 13
Mahatma Gandhi and the National Movement
2 Marks Questions
Question 1. What is the meaning of Gandhiji with non-violence?
Answer- According to Gandhiji, a person who follows non-violence never raises a sword despite having the power of a sword. He does not want to harm anyone with his mind, deed or speech. In Gandhiji's view, non-violence is not a weapon for the cowardly and the weak. Only brave people can use it.
Question 2. What is Gandhiji's view of Satyagraha?
Answer- Gandhiji's meaning of Satyagraha is to stick to the truth, he considered it to be the power of the soul or the power of love. An ideal Satyagraha refuses to bow down to everything that is wrong in his view. He remained calm in the midst of all the excitement. He opposes evil but loves evil.
Question 3. When was Mahatma Gandhi born? What was his father's name?
Answer – (i) Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 AD.
(ii) His father's name was Shri Karamchand Gandhi.
Question 4. When did Mahatma Gandhi go to South Africa and how long did he stay there?
Answer- (i) Mahatma Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893 AD.
(ii) He remained there till 1915 AD.
Question 5. Mention any two importance of Mahatma Gandhi's visit to South Africa.
Answer – (i) Mahatma Gandhi successfully used Satyagraha for the first time in South Africa.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi encouraged mutual love among people of different religions.
Question 6. When Mahatma Gandhi came to India in 1915 AD, how was the India of that time different from that of 1893 AD?
Answer- (1) Branches of Congress had been established in most of the cities and towns of India.
(ii) Bal, Lal and Pal had created a new national consciousness among the people.
(iii) The Swadeshi movement of 1905-07 gave a new direction to Indian nationalism. Question 7. When and where did Mahatma Gandhi's first public appearance in India take place?
Answer- Mahatma Gandhi's first public appearance in India was in 1916 at Banaras Hindu University.
Question 8. When, where and who established the Sabarmati Ashram?
Answer- Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad in 1916 AD.
Question 9. Who was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer- Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 10. When and from where did Mahatma Gandhi start his first Satyagraha in India?
Answer- Mahatma Gandhi did his first Satyagraha in India in 1917 from Champaran (Bihar).
Question 11. When did Mahatma Gandhi launch Champaran Satyagraha? What was the significance of this?
Answer – (i) Mahatma Gandhi launched Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 AD.
(ii) As a result, the sufferings of the farmers of Champaran could be removed.
Question 12. What was the main reason for passing Rowlatt Act? wanted to take control.
Answer – The main reason for passing the Rowlatt Act was that the British government wanted to control the explosive situation in India.
Question 13. What was Rowlatt Act?
Answer- The Rattle Act was passed on March 18, 1919. Under this Act, the government was any person. He had no right of broker, appeal and lawyer. That's why it was called Black Bill.
Question 14. Why did Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act?
Answer- Indians opposed the Rowlatt Act because there was no right of argument, lawyer and appeal under it.
Question 15. When and where did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place?
Answer- Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar.
Question 16. When did the Jallianwala Bagh accident happen?
Answer – The accident at Jallianwala Bagh happened on April 13, 1919 AD.
Question 17. When, where and by whose order did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place?
Answer- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar on the orders of General Dyer.
Question 18. State any two effects of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on the Indian national movement.
Answer- (i) It gave a new impetus and direction to the Indian national movement.
(ii) Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi also became against the British rule.
Question 19. What did the Hunter Commission do?
Answer – In 1919, the British Government appointed Hutter Commission to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Question 20. Write any two major sections of the Act of 1919 . Answer- (i) Two houses of the Central Legislative Council were made. Their names were Legislative Assembly and Council of State.
(ii) Dual government system was implemented in the provinces. Therefore, the provincial subjects were divided into two parts - reserved and transferred.
Question 21. Write any two objectives of Khilafat Movement.
Answer- (i) To restore the Caliph.
(ii) To keep Jazirat-ul-Arab under Islamic sovereignty.
Question 22. What is meant by Khilafat Movement?
Answer- Khilafat movement was started in 1919 by Indian Muslims under the leadership of Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali on the question of Caliph. Mahatma Gandhi fully supported the Khilafat movement. This gave the idea of Hindu-Muslim unity. In March 1924, the post of Caliph was abolished. Thus the Khilafat movement also ended.
Question 23. Name any two leaders of Khilafat Movement.
Answer – The names of the two leaders of the Khilafat movement were Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
Question 24. When and who started the non-cooperation movement?
Answer- Mahatma Gandhi started the non-cooperation movement in 1920 AD.
Question 25. When and why did the non-cooperation movement start?
Answer- The non-cooperation movement was started in 1920 AD under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It was started because no special facilities were given to Indians by the Act passed in 1919 AD. The Right Act of 1919 and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre had created resentment among Indians against British rule, besides Mahatma Gandhi wanted a solution to the Khilafat question.
Question 26. State any two main programs of the non-cooperation movement.
Answer- (i) Government jobs should be relinquished.
(ii) Government courts should be boycotted.
Question 27. Name any four persons who gave up their practice during the non-cooperation movement?
Answer- (i) Motilal Nehru (ii) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (iii) C. R. Das (iv) Lala Lajpat Rai.
Question 28. When and why did Mahatma Gandhi withdraw the non-cooperation movement?
Answer- Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement on February 12, 1922, due to the Chauri-Chaura incident.
Q29 What do you know about the Chauri-Chaura incident?
Answer- On February 5, 1922, in a village Chauri-Chaura in Uttar Pradesh, protesters attacked a police station and burnt it. 22 police personnel died in this fire. Due to this violent incident, Mahatma Gandhi suspended the non-cooperation movement on 12 February.
Question 30. Write two consequences of sudden suspension of non-cooperation movement by Gandhiji.
Answer- (i) Young nationalists strongly criticized the decision of Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) Taking advantage of the situation, the British government arrested Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 31. State any two importance of non-cooperation movement.
Answer- (i) The general public actively participated in this movement.
(ii) Hindu-Muslim unity got a boost due to this movement.
Question 32. Why was the Charkha chosen as a symbol of nationalism?
Answer- Charkha was chosen as the symbol of nationalism because the spinning wheel was dear to Gandhiji. Gandhiji believed that in the modern era, machines have taken away work and employment from the hands of the workers by enslaved the human beings. His statement was that the spinning wheel would play an important role in making the poor self-reliant, freeing them from poverty and unemployment.
Question 33. What did Mahatma Gandhi do for the development of Indian nationalism?
Answer – (i) Mahatma Gandhi included a large number of workers, farmers and artisans in this.
(ii) He encouraged mother tongue.
(iii) He also established branches of Congress in remote areas.
Question 34. Name any four famous associates of Mahatma Gandhi who were associated with him during the period from 1917 to 1922.
Answer - (i) Jawaharlal Nehru (ii) Subhash Chandra Bose (iii) Abul Kalam Azad (iv) Mahadev Desai.
Question 35. On which social reforms did Mahatma Gandhi emphasize?
Answer- (i) He was a strong opponent of untouchability.
(ii) He strongly criticized child marriage.
(iii) He was in favor of giving equal rights to women as men.
Question 36. Name the famous book of Shahid Amin. What was its main theme?
Answer- (i) The name of the famous book of Shahid Amin was Gandhi as Mahatma.
(ii) Its main theme was to describe the miraculous powers of Gandhiji.
Question 37. When and who founded the Swarajya Party?
Answer- Swarajya Party was founded on 31 December 1922 by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru.
Question 38. Write the names of any two leaders of Swarajya Party.
Answer- The names of two leaders of Swarajya Party were Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru.
Question 39. What was the main objective of Swarajya Party?
Answer- The main objective of Swarajya Party was to oppose the government policies by entering the legislatures. By doing this he wanted to bring a new political awakening among Indians.
Question 40. State any two main achievements of the Swarajist Party.
Answer- (i) Due to the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement in 1922, there was great despair among the Indians. At such a time, the Swarajya Party through its actions again generated enthusiasm among the countrymen.
(ii) This party continued to criticize the policies of the government and prevented it from doing wrong things.
Question 41. When and why was the Simon Commission appointed? Who was its chairman?
Answer- (i) The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 to review the Reform Act of 1919 AD.
(ii) Its chairman was Sir John Simon.
Question 42. Why did Indians oppose the Simon Commission?
Answer – Simon Commission came to India in 1928 AD. All 7 members of this commission were British because not a single member of this mission was Indian, so the appointment of this commission made the Indian public very deeply. They felt that the British government had deliberately hurt their self-esteem. Due to this a wave of protest spread all over the country.
Question 43. State any two recommendations of the Simon Commission.
Answer- (1) A federation should be established in India.
(ii) Dual administration should be abolished in the provinces.
Question 44. When was the Nehru Report published? Who prepared it?
Answer : (i) Nehru Report was published in 1928 AD.
(ii) It was prepared by Motilal Nehru.
Question 45. State any two main recommendations of the Nehru Report.
Answer- (i) India should be given full colonial state status.
(ii) Responsible government should be established at the center and in the provinces.
Question 46. Where was the Congress session of 1929 held? Who was its chairman? Answer- (i) In 1929, the Congress session was organized in Lahore.
(ii) It was chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Question 47. When and where was the resolution of Purna Swaraj passed?
Answer- The resolution of complete independence was passed on 31 December 1929 in Lahore.
Question 48. What is the significance of the Indian National Congress session in Lahore in 1929 in the freedom struggle of India? Answer: In this session the resolution of complete independence was passed.
Question 49. Which historical resolution was passed in the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress? State the place of this meeting and the name of the President.
Answer- (i) The resolution of complete independence was passed in the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress.
(ii) This session was held in Lahore and its president was Jawaharlal Nehru.
Question 50. When was the first Independence Day celebrated in India?
Answer- The first Independence Day in India was celebrated on 26 January 1930 AD.
Question 51. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement started?
Answer- (i) The Simon Commission, which came to India in 1928, failed to satisfy the Indians.
(ii) Congress passed the resolution of complete independence in Lahore in 1929.
Question 52. Write a note on Dandi March.
Answer – Mahatma Gandhi decided to start the civil disobedience movement from a village named Du Dandi, 380 km from Gujarat, which was located on the seashore, violating the salt law. Let's go This journey is famous in history as 'Dandi Yatra'. On March 12, 1930, he started towards Dandi from Sabarmati Ashram (Gujarat) along with 78 other companions. This journey is famous in history as Dandi Yatra.
Question 53. Why did the salt law become an important issue of the freedom struggle?
Answer- Salt was used in every house. People were forced to buy salt from shops at high prices. In fact, the state had a monopoly on the production and sale of salt. Because of this, there was a lot of animosity among the people against the government. Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi made an important issue of the freedom struggle of the salt law.
Question 54. State the dates of the first and second round table conferences
Answer- First Round Table Conference was held on 12th November, 1930 AD and Second Round Table Conference was held on 7th September, 1931 AD.
Question 55. When and where was the first Round Table Conference held?
Answer- The first Round Table Conference was held on 12 November 1930 in London.
Question 56. When was the first Round Table Conference held? Who presided over this conference?
Answer- (i) The first Round Table Conference was held on November 12, 1930 AD.
(ii) This conference was presided over by the Prime Minister of England, Ramsay McDonald.
Question 57. What was the main reason for the failure of the First Round Table Conference?
Answer- The main reason for the failure of the First Round Table Conference was that the Indian National Congress did not participate in it.
Question 58. When was the Gandhi Irwin Pact done?
Answer – Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931.
Question 59. State any two conditions of Gandhi Irwin Pact.
Answer- (i) The British government will free those agitators who did not participate in the violence.
(ii) It shall return the confiscated property of the agitators.
Question 60. When and where was the Second Round Table Movement organized?
Answer – The Second Round Table Conference was held on 7 September 1931 in London.
Question 61. In which Round Table Conference did Mahatma Gandhi attend? Where was this conference held?
Answer- (i) Mahatma Gandhi had attended the Second Round Table Conference.
(ii) This conference was held in London.
Question 62. Write a note on 'Communal Award'.
Answer- The Communal Arbitration was announced by the Prime Minister of England, Ramsay MacDonald on August 16, 1932. Accordingly, seats were reserved for different castes and classes in the provincial legislatures.
Question 63. When and between whom was the Poona Pact signed?
Answer- (i) Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar on September 26, 1932.
(ii) In accordance with this agreement, the seats reserved for the oppressed were to be elected through a joint election system.
Question 64. What do you know about the importance of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer (i) Due to this movement, the national feeling spread very rapidly among the Indians.
(ii) Women also actively participated in the movement.
(iii) The Indians took a vow to end the British rule.
Question 65. When and where was the Third Round Table Conference held? Which act was framed in this?
Answer- (i) The Third Round Table Conference was held in London on November 17, 1932.
(ii) In this the outline of the Act of 1935 was prepared.
Question 66. What were the main features of the Government of India Act of 1935? Ans- (i) The supremacy of the British Parliament was established by this Act.
(ii) By this arrangement was made to establish an All India Federation in India.
(iii) Under this, the system of dual government was implemented at the center.
(iv) Self-government was established in the provinces under it.
Question 67. What is meant by provincial self-government?
Answer- A major feature of the Government of India Act of 1935 was that it established self-government in the provinces. Due to this, the diarchy system established in the provinces according to 1919 AD was abolished. All the subjects of the provinces were now subordinated to the ministers. The cabinet was held accountable to the legislature for its functions. In this way, arrangements were made to establish a responsible government in the provinces.
Question 68. When did the Second World War start? How long did this last?
Answer- (i) World War II started in 1939 AD.
(ii) It lasted till 1945 AD.
Question 69. When and where did the Muslim League pass the resolution of independent Pakistan?
Answer- The Muslim League had passed the resolution of independent Pakistan on 23 March 1940 in Lahore.
Question 70 Give any two suggestions of Cripps Mission.
Answer – (i) Dominion status will be given to India after the war. India shall have complete freedom in internal and external affairs and shall have the right to secede from the British Commonwealth as per her wish.
(ii) After the war, a Constituent Assembly will be formed to make a new Constitution of India. In this, Indian princely states will also have the right to send their representatives.
Question 71. Give any two reasons for the failure of Cripps Mission.
Answer – (i) Through Cripps suggestions, the British government did not give anything to the Indians at the present time and were not ready. Promised to be given some rights in future. Indians were not ready to fall for this deception of the British.
(ii) The Congress rejected these suggestions because they were not happy with the British granting Dominion Status to Indians. They were demanding complete independence.
Question 72. When and why did the Quit India Movement start?
Answer – Quit India Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942 AD. The Quit India Movement was started due to fear of Japanese invasion of India, failure of Cripps Mission, increasing anger towards British rule among the general public and change in Gandhiji's behavior towards him.
Question 73. Who gave the slogan of do or die and why?
Answer- (i) The slogan of do or die was given by Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) This slogan was given to inspire Indians to put an end to British rule.
Question 74. Give any two reasons for the failure of Quit India Movement.
Answer- (i) The government arrested the leaders of the Congress even before the Quit India Movement started. Therefore, the public could not get proper leadership.
(ii) The unorganized and disarmed masses could not compete with the mighty British Empire.
Question 75. Write any two effects of Quit India Movement.
Answer- (i) This movement breathed new life into the Indians.
(ii) This movement made it clear to the British that their rule in India is now in the final stages.
Question 76. Write a note on Shimla Conference.
Answer – Shimla Conference was organized on June 25, 1945 for the purpose of discussing the Wavell plan. This conference lasted till July 14, 1945. A total of 21 representatives from various political parties of India participated in it.
Question 77. Who gave the slogan of Jai Hind?
Answer- Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan of Jai Hind.
Question 78. When did the British Government send the Cabinet Mission to India and what order did it give?
Answer- (i) The British Government sent the Cabinet Mission to India in 1946 AD.
(ii) It was ordered to find a suitable solution to the political problem of India.
Question 79. When did the cabinet mission reach India? Write the names of its members.
Answer - (i) Cabinet Mission reached India on March 23, 1946 AD.
(ii) The names of its members were Lord Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and Alexander.
Question 80. State any two proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Answer- (i) A union of the whole of India should be established in which the princely states and all the provinces of British India should be included. This federation should have departments of foreign affairs, defense and means of communication.
(ii) There should be an executive and a legislature for the federation consisting of representatives of British provinces and native Indian princely states.
3 marks answer questions
Question 1. What did Mahatma Gandhi emphasize in the inauguration ceremony of Banaras Hindu University in 1916?
Answer – (i). Liberation for India is not possible unless we take cooperation from the poor workers and farmers.
(ii) Gandhiji inspired the privileged people to renounce their adornments and work for the betterment of their compatriots.
(iii) Self-government has no meaning for us as long as we continue to allow farmers to take advantage of their labor, either for ourselves or for others.
Question 2. What do you know about Gandhiji's Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer- Gandhiji did his first experiment of Satyagraha in India in 1917 AD in Champaran district of Bihar. The European planters here used to commit great inhuman atrocities on the indigo cultivators. They were forced to grow indigo in their fields and sell the produce at cheap prices. Mahatma Gandhi went there in 1917 for the purpose of getting real information about the condition of the farmers. Despite the threats of the government, Gandhiji conducted a detailed inquiry into the grievances of the farmers. The government was compelled to appoint a commission to inquire into the actions of the planters. As a result of the recommendations of this commission, the government removed the sufferings of the farmers. This was undoubtedly the first great victory of Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 3. Write a note on Rowlatt Act.
Answer – During the First World War, the British Government had obtained many emergency rights by passing the 'Defense of India Act'. These rights were used to suppress the revolutionaries. This act ended after the war but the government was not ready to give up its privileges. For this purpose, the government got two bills prepared by Sir Sidney Rowlatt. One of these bills was passed by the Central Legislature on March 18, 1919, which was known as Rowlatt Act, under this act any person could be imprisoned without giving any reason and he could be punished without trial Was . He had no right of argument, counsel and appeal. Thus by passing the Rowlatt Act, the British Government did the work of sprinkling salt on the wounds of Indians.
Question 4. Write a note on Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Answer- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar. On that day a large number of people had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to express their anger against the Rowlatt Act passed by the British Government. On the orders of General Dyer, the soldiers opened fire on the people. As a result, hundreds of people died and thousands of others were injured. Due to this heinous massacre, Indians vowed to end British rule in India. Undoubtedly, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre proved to be a milestone in the history of the Indian national independence movement.
Question 5. Write three main features of the Act of 1919?
Answer – (i) Two houses of the Central Legislative Council were made. Their names were Legislative Assembly and Council of State.
(ii) Dual government system was implemented in the provinces. Therefore, the provincial subjects were divided into two parts - reserved and transferred.
(iii) The communal election system was expanded.
Question 6. State the importance of the Act of 1919.
Answer- The Act of 1919 took an important step towards establishing responsible governance. The number of non-official members in the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State was increased. Its members could ask questions, ancillary questions and to some extent questions about the budget. The number of members of the provincial councils was also increased. Of these, 70% of the members were non-official. Though the right to vote was limited, it was available to more people than before. Asked to give up jobs and titles.
Question 7. What was the program of non-cooperation movement?
Answer- According to the non-cooperation movement, people were appealed to boycott the government English courts. The students were asked to leave the government schools and colleges. Appeal was made to boycott foreign goods and use indigenous. Was told to boycott the elections. People were appealed to open and take admission in national schools and colleges. The drinking of alcohol was asked to be banned. Asked not to participate in government courts and functions. An appeal was made to everyone to spin and apply khadi.
Question 8. Why was the non-cooperation movement withdrawn?
Answer- On February 5, 1922, 3000 farmers were participating in a demonstration in Chauri-Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Some policemen tried to intimidate the protesters by firing at them. Due to this the agitators got agitated. Enraged, they attacked the police station and set it on fire. As a result 22 police personnel died. Gandhiji was deeply saddened by this incident. Therefore, he announced the suspension of the non-cooperation movement. This dealt a deep blow to the Indian nationalist movement.
Question 9. How was the non-cooperation movement an indicator of a new stage in the nationalist movement?
Answer: There is no doubt that the non-cooperation movement entered a new era. For the first time in this movement all the sections of the common people took part enthusiastically. Due to this a new national awakening developed in them. In this movement Hindus and Muslims fought side by side against the British rule. As a result, their mutual unity became stronger. The spread of education got impetus due to the establishment of national educational institutions. A new self-confidence was born in them by participating in the women's movement. Boycott of foreign goods and use of indigenous goods gave impetus to Indian industries. As a result of this movement, the mass base of the Congress became very wide.
Question 10. What did Mahatma Gandhi do to make himself look like common people?
Ans (i) They started wearing clothes like common people.
(ii) He started living like them and started speaking the language.
(iii) Like other leaders, he did not stand apart from the general public but established a close relationship with them.
Question 11. How did the farmers see Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer – (i) The farmers had great respect for Mahatma Gandhi. They used to address him by the names of Gandhi Baba, Gandhi Maharaj and Mahatma etc.
(ii) He considered Mahatma Gandhi as his savior.
(iii) He considered Mahatma Gandhi to be a liberator from the oppressed officers.
Question 12. Why was the Charkha chosen as a symbol of nationalism?
Answer- Charkha was chosen as the symbol of nationalism because the spinning wheel was dear to Gandhiji. Gandhiji believed that in the modern era, machines have kept humans as slaves. It took away work and employment from the hands of the workers. Is . His statement was that the spinning wheel would play an important role in making the poor self-reliant, ridding them of poverty and unemployment. Because of this, the concentration of wealth will not be in the hands of a few but in the hands of all.
Question 13. When and why was the Swarajist Party established?
Answer- The Swarajist Party was founded on December 31, 1922 by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru. Its main purpose was to oppose government policies by entering legislatures. By doing this he ... wanted to bring about a new political awakening among Indians. The leaders of the Swarajya Party wanted that the government should be stopped arbitrarily and it should be forced to make laws for the interests of the people of the country. To repeal the repressive laws of the government, resolutions should be passed in the legislatures. By continuing to criticize the policies of the government, this party prevented it from doing wrong things.
Question 14. Write a note on Simon Commission.
Answer- According to the Act of 1919 AD, it was decided that after every 10 years a commission would come to India from England to take stock of the reforms. Therefore, a seven-member commission under the chairmanship of John Simon came to India in 1928. There was no Indian member in this commission, so Indians opposed it. Wherever it went, Indians welcomed it with black flags and with the slogan 'Go back Simon'. The British adopted a policy of harshness towards these agitators. Similarly in Lahore, when Lala Lajpat Rai was leading a procession, the policemen injured him. He died because of these injuries. Due to this the feeling of hatred towards the British increased in the hearts of Indians. It became clear to them that the British did not want their welfare. So Indians intensified their struggle for independence.
Question 15. What was the Nehru Report?
Answer- The Congress presented the Nehru Report in Delhi on August 10, 1928. The main recommendations of this report were as follows:
(i) India should be given full colonial state status.
(ii) Responsible government should be established at the center and in the provinces.
(iii) The cabinet should be responsible to the legislature for its policies and actions.
(iv) The Union Parliament should have two houses. The Lower House should be directly elected for five years. In this, the right to vote was given to men and women of 21 years of age.
(v) The Central Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Union Parliament for all its functions.
Question 16. When and who started the Civil Disobedience Movement? What was the main program of this movement?
Answer_ The Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 AD. The main programs of this movement were as follows-
(i) Wherever possible the salt law should be violated.
(ii) Let women sit in front of liquor and foreign goods shops.
(iii) Foreign objects to be burnt.
(iv) Government educational institutions should be boycotted by the students.
(v) Government servants resign from their jobs.
Question 17. What was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
Answer- Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. According to this agreement, the government made the following promises - (i) it would free all the agitators who did not participate in the violence. (ii) It will withdraw all its repressive laws issued to suppress this movement. (iii) It shall return the confiscated property of the agitators. (iv) Will waive the fine imposed on the agitators. (v) People will be allowed to prepare salt. On the other hand Mahatma Gandhi gave these promises (i) Congress would withdraw the civil disobedience movement. (ii) He will attend the Second Round Table Conference.
Question 18. What was the Communal Award?
Answer- On August 16, 1932, the Prime Minister of England, Ramsay MacDonald, announced the 'Communal Award'. Accordingly, seats were reserved for different castes and classes in the central and provincial legislatures and the communal system was expanded. Harijans were given the right to send representatives different from the Hindus. The real purpose of this award was to create division among Indians so that the British Empire in India could be maintained for a long time. Mahatma Gandhi and other Congress leaders strongly opposed this award.
Question 19. What was the Poona Pact?
Answer- On September 26, 1932, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar made an agreement with Gandhiji which is famous as Poona Pact. The British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald gave his assent to this agreement. According to this agreement, seats were reserved for the Harijans but they were to be elected through a common electoral system. The number of these reserved seats was increased from 71 to 148. Dalits were given proper representation in local institutions and public services. Provision was also made for financial assistance for their education. Due to this agreement, Gandhiji did not allow the British conspiracy to divide Hindus among themselves.
Question 20. Write any three sections of the Government of India Act of 1935.
Answer – (i) All India Union - According to the Government of India Act of 1935, arrangements were made to establish an All India Union. It was necessary to include 11 provinces of governors and 6 provinces of chief commissioner. The princes of the princely states were given freedom to participate or not to participate in it.
(ii) Dyarchical system of governance at the center – The darchal-government system was implemented in the center. All the central subjects were divided into two parts reserved and variable. The reserved subjects included matters related to defence, foreign, religious and tribal etc. They were arranged by the Governor-General with the help of his council. The governor-general used to arrange the changing subjects with the help of ministers. These ministers were responsible to the legislature.
(iii) Provincial Self-Government – A major feature of the Government of India Act of 1935 was that self-government was established in the provinces. Due to this, according to 1919 AD, the dyarchy system established in the provinces was abolished. All the subjects of the provinces were now subordinated to the ministers. The cabinet was held accountable to the legislature for its work. In this way, arrangements were made to establish a fully responsible government in the provinces.
Question 21. What was the Individual Satyagraha Movement?
Answer- In October, 1940, Mahatma Gandhi started the movement of Individual Satyagraha. Its meaning was that the satyagrahis elected by the Congress would reach public places one by one and give speeches against the world war and British rule and also give their arrest. The Satyagraha was kept limited so that there would be no widespread upheaval in the country. Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi chosen for this movement.
Question 22. Write any three suggestions of Cripps Mission.
Answer – (1) The British Government will give Dominion Status to India after the end of the war. (ii) After the war, an elected Constituent Assembly shall be formed to make a new constitution. Representatives of Indian princely states will also be involved in this. (iii) The provinces and princely states that do not obey the constitution will have the right to secede from the Union of India and they will also be given Dominion Status.
Question 23. Why was the Cripps mission a failure?
Answer- Many reasons were responsible for the failure of Cripps mission. (i) Through the Cripps suggestions, the British government did not give anything to the Indians in the present time and promised to give some rights in the future. Indians were not ready to fall for this deception of the British. (ii) The Congress rejected these suggestions because it was not happy with the grant of Dominion Status to Indians by the British. She was demanding complete independence. (ii) No time limit was fixed as to when the Dominion Status was to be granted.
Question 24. When and why did the Quit India Movement start?
Answer- Quit India Movement was started in 1942 for the following reasons -
(i) England and Japan were each other's enemies in the Second World War. Japan occupied many areas of Asia such as Philippine, Singapore, Malaya and Burma (Myanmar) in 1941-42 AD. Was . He was moving towards India with great speed. In such a situation, Mahatma Gandhi suggested the British to leave India.
(ii) The British government appointed Cripps Mission to get cooperation from Indians during the war. This mission reached India on 23 March 1942 AD. The princely states given by him to the Indians were nothing more than a mere hoax. His false assurances could not impress the Indian parties.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi was very disappointed with the British due to the failure of the Cripps Mission. On July 14, 1942, the Congress Working Committee in Wardha (Gujarat) passed the 'Quit India' resolution.
Question 25. State the importance of Quit India Movement.
Answer- Quit India Movement, although it failed to get India's immediate independence, but it shook the foundation of the British Empire. Indians participated extensively in this movement. He bravely faced the atrocities of the British. In fact, this movement was an indicator of the rise of a new India. This movement made it clear to the British that soon they would have to tie the bags to India. Within itself, in 1947 AD, the British were forced to leave India.
Question 26. What was the Wavell plan?
Answer- Lord Wavell, who was the Viceroy of India, presented a plan on June 14, 1945, which is called Wavell Plan. The main proposals of this plan were as follows - (i) To remove India's political deadlock and take it towards self-government.
(ii) to reconstitute the Viceroy's Executive Council. In this, except the Viceroy and the General, all other members will be Indians.
(iii) To maintain an equal number of golden Hindus and Muslims in the Viceroy's Executive Council.
(iv) The Foreign Department of the Government shall be in the hands of an Indian.
(v) A British High Commissioner shall be appointed separately for the protection of British trade and other interests. Indian political parties did not accept this plan.
