Chapter - 8
Social Movements
️ Social Movement :-
It gives a shape to the society. There were some reform movements in the 19th century such as against the caste system, gender based, against discrimination, national independence movement etc.
Characteristics of Social Movement :-
Need for continuous group activities over a long period of time. Social movements are often for change in a matter of public interest. Such as the rights of the tribals over the forest, rehabilitation of displaced people.
To bring about social change. Resistance movements are born against the social movement, such as the Dharma Sabha formed against the movement against the practice of Sati; Who demanded from the British not to make a law against the abolition of Sati.
Social movements develop various means of protest – candle or torch procession, street plays, songs.
️ Principles of Social Movement :-
Theory of Relative Word :-
Social conflict arises when the social group thinks its position is bad. Psychological reasons such as anger and resentment.
Limitations of Relative Deprivation Theory:- For group activity, the perception of deprivation is necessary but not a sufficient cause.
The Logic of Collective Action :-
The social movement is the sum total of rational individual actors seeking their own interests. The person will be involved in this to get something, he has less risk in it and more profit.
Limitations: The success of a social movement depends on the resources and abilities.
Theory of Resource Mobility :-
The gathering of social movement leadership, organizational capability and communication facilities is the means of its success.
Limitations: - Not deprived in the limits of resources obtained, can also create new symbols and identities.
️ Types of Social Movements :-
Counterintelligence Movement :- Brings change in the consciousness and activities of the individuals. For example, the Ezhava community of Kerala changed their social practices under the leadership of Narayana Guru.
Reformist Movement:- Changing the social and political configuration by slow and progressive phases. For example, in the 1960s, the reorganization of states on the basis of language and the right to information.
Revolutionary Movement: - To make radical changes in social relations and to take possession of the state power. For example, the Bolshevik Revolution in which the Tsar was overthrown in Russia.
Other types of social movement: -
Old social movement (pre-independence) - Women's movement, movement against Sati system, child marriage, against caste system. were in the political realm.
New social movement - for changing the standard of living and for a clean environment. There are no political circles and the states exert pressure. is international.
Ecological Movement: -
🔶 Example: - Chip movement
In order to prevent cutting of forests in Uttaranchal and to protect the environment, women stuck to the trees and did not allow the trees to be cut. Thus this movement became economic, ecological and political.
❇️ Class Based Movement: -
Peasant Movement :- Between 1858 -1914 locality, tended to be limited by division and various grievances.
- 1859 - Against 62 miles of farming
- 1857 - Rebellion of the South which was against the moneylenders
- 1928 – Against rent in Bardoli, Surat
- 1920 - Against the forest policies of the British government
- 1920 – 1940 – All India Kisan Sabha
There were two main peasant movements at the time of independence :-
1946 - 1947 Tibhaga Movement :- This struggle took place for tenancy.
1946 - 1951 Telangana Movement :- It was against the feudal conditions of Hyderabad.
After independence there were two big social movements :-
1967 Naxalite Movement: - This movement was about land.
New farmers movement
️ New Peasant Movement :-
- Started in 1970 in Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
- There was no party.
- were organized on a regional basis.
- In place of agriculturist, farmers were associated (farmers are called those who are associated with the market in both production and purchase of goods).
- He was anti-state and anti-city.
- There were demands for remunerative prices, agricultural investment prices, return of taxes and loans.
- Roads and railroads were closed.
- Women's issues were included.
Workers Movement: -
In 1860, the work of production started in the factories. Raw materials were taken from India and manufactured in England.
- Later such factories were established in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.
- The workers protested for their working conditions.
- Beginning in 1918, the first trade union was established.
- AITUC was established in 1920 (All India Trade Union Congress-AITUC)
- The working hours were reduced to 10 hours.
- In 1926, the Trade Union Act was passed which made provision for the registration of trade unions, and made some rules.
❇️ Caste based movement: -
Dalit Movement: - The word Dalit is a struggle to get identity in the form of Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and other languages. Dalits are fighting for equality, self-respect, eradication of untouchability.
- Satnami movement of Chamars in Madhya Pradesh
- Anti-religion movement in Punjab
- Mahar Movement in Maharashtra
- Jatav's mobility in Agra
- Anti-Brahmin movement in South India
Backward Class Movement :-
- Rise of backward castes and classes as political units.
- During the colonial period, the states used to distribute their protectorate on the basis of caste.
- People live in caste for social and political identity.
- In the modern period, caste started giving up its ritualistic subject matter and became secular in political dynamics.
Upper caste movement :- Due to the increasing influence of Dalits and backward castes, the upper castes felt neglected.
❇️ Jana Jatiya Andolan: -
Many of the tribal movements are located in Central India. Like Santhal, Ho, Munda, Oraon, Meena etc. located in Chote Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
Jharkhand: -
- The state of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000.
- The beginning of the movement was to shave off the inheritance.
- The Christian missionary launched a campaign of literacy.
- Hatred towards Dikkus (businessmen and moneylenders).
- Segregation of tribals.
Movement of Eastern States:- Displacement of people from forest land and ecological issues.
Women’s Movement: -
- The women's movement in India was renewed in the 1970s.
- Women's movements were autonomous and independent of political parties.
- Campaign against violence against women.
- The names of both the parents were included in the application form of the school.
- Against sexual harassment and dowry.
- Names of some women's organizations- Vince India Association (1971), All India Vimansh Conference (1926)
