Chapter - 5 Forms
Change and Development in Industrial Society
️ Industrialization :-
Industrialization is a process whereby production is done on a large scale through large machines. Modern technology is used under industrialization, through which man becomes more dependent on machines, under this production is increased.
️ Industrialization in India :-
In 1999-2000, about 60 percent of the people in India were employed in the tertiary sector, 17 percent in the secondary sector, and 23 percent in the tertiary sector. There has been a sharp decline in agricultural activities and the government is not able to give them much income.
These sectors are formed by the employment of 10 or more people throughout the year in an organized/formal sector unit. Pension and other facilities are available. Agriculture, industry comes in these unorganized/informal sector by having 10 and more people in the unit of unorganized/formal sector being employed throughout the year. Employment in the unorganized sector is not permanent. There is no proper provision of pension and insurance.
Industrialization in the early years of India :-
The first industries in India were cotton, jute, railways and coal mining. After independence, India gave importance to transport, communication, energy, mines etc. India's mixed economic policy included both types (private and public industries).
️ Division of Indian Industries :-
According to the Indian Industrial Policy 1956, Indian industries are divided into the following three categories:
Primary Category :- Industries related to defence, railways, postal, production and control of nuclear energy fall in this category. The central government controls and controls them.
Secondary Category:- 12 industries like machine tools, pharmaceuticals, rubber, water transport, fertilizers, road transport etc. were placed in this category. The government's share in these is high.
Tertiary Category:- It included all those industries which were kept for the private sector. Although, the private sector develops these industries but the government can also set them up.
Changes in Indian industries due to globalization and liberalization :-
Since 1990, the government has adopted a liberalization policy and private companies, especially foreign firms, are being encouraged in the fields of telecommunications, civil aviation, energy, etc. Many Indian companies have been bought by foreigners. And some Indian companies have become multinational companies.
Due to this income inequalities are increasing. Secure jobs in large industries are decreasing. Farmers and tribal people are getting displaced.
The government is trying to sell its shares of public companies to private sector companies, which is called disinvestment. This puts the employees at risk of losing their jobs.
Main features of liberalization in India :-
- Licensing of industries.
- To free industries from unnecessary restrictions.
- Increasing foreign direct investment.
- Using industries as a market.
- To increase the demand of industries.
- Industry and trade should be freed from bureaucratic clutches.
- Reducing government control over the economy.
- reducing customs duty.
- Removal of restrictions on import and export of goods and services.
️ Policy of Protectionism :-
Under protectionism, many types of restrictions are imposed on foreign trade. Efforts are made to promote indigenous industries. With this, people should make maximum use of the goods made in the country and the industries of the country should be benefited.
️ Commercialization :-
Commercialization is the process of turning something into a product, service or activity that has economic value and can be traded in the market.
️ Decentralization :-
Decentralization refers to a process of gradual transfer or change: of functions, resources and decision-making powers of lower level democratically elected bodies.
️ Unorganized or informal sector :-
People in an unorganized or informal sector do not enjoy most of the benefits given to public sector employees such as permanent employment, fixed wages, recreational benefits, gravity, medical benefits, etc. About 90% of the Indian population is employed in the unorganized sector.
️ Impact of industrialization on mutual relations :-
People leave their families in villages and move to cities to work in industries. After settling there and getting a job, they called their families and settled permanently in big towns and cities. This led to the disintegration of joint families and the rise of nuclear or small families.
️ How people are able to work
- More through employment advertisements and through personal contacts.
- Different ways of providing employment in factories.
- Important in getting both executive and union work.
- Changing jobs in companies and factories.
️ How the work is done
- Controlling the work by the manager.
- Use of other means of increasing production.
- More machines work less people.
- Work in Software IT Sector Re-creation of Joint Families.
️ Working Conditions :-
The government has made many laws to improve the working conditions.
The Mines Act 1952 has clarified the various functions of the workers. Workers in underground mines are at risk of fire, flood, submergence of surface, tuberculosis etc.
️ Work done at home :-
Today many works are done in homes, making lace, beedi, zari, incense sticks, rugs, and other works are mostly done by women and children. An agent gives them the raw material. And gets it done. How much money they get, see the pie diagram in the bidi industry to see how the bidi price is divided.
️ Strikes and Trade Unions :-
There are unions of workers in factories and other industries. In which casteism and regionalism are found.
️ Trade Union :-
In any mill, factory, a trade union is formed to protect the interests of the workers. All workers are its members.
️ Strike :-
Employees go on strike to get their demands fulfilled.
️ Lockout :-
Locking of the main gate of the mill by the mill owners. (The Bombay Textile Mill strike of 1982, which was led by trade union leader Datta Samant, in which the families of about 2.5 lakh workers suffered. Their demand for better wages and the formation of a union allowed the workers to do any other wage or work. Who will decide their future? Mill owners, estate traders, government or themselves, this is a complicated question?
