Chapter - 1
India Status
️ India :-
The total area of India is 32.8 lakh sq. km . Is .
The position of India on the world map ranges from 84' north latitude to 37° 6' north latitude in the north and 68° 7 ' east longitude in the west to 97 25' east longitude . ,
Its extension from north to south is about 3214 km. m. While the extension from east to west is 2933 km. m. Is . In this way, there is a difference of about 30 in its latitudinal and longitudinal extent .
The maritime boundary of India is up to 12 nautical miles i.e. about 21.9 kilometers from the mainland .
️ Size of India :-
The area of India is 32.8 lakh square kilometers and India is the 7th largest country in the world.
️ Distinctive physical diversity :-
- High mountains in the north.
- Big rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri.
- In North East and South India – Hills covered with forests.
- Spread of sand in deserts.
- The Himalayas in the north, the Hindukush and the Suleiman range in the north-west.
- Purvanchal Hills in the North East.
- The vast Indian Ocean to the south.
️ India's position in the countries of the world on the basis of area :-
India is the seventh largest country in the world on the basis of area . Countries having more area than India respectively-
- russia,
- China ,
- Canada ,
- United States,
- Australia and
- is Brazil.
️ Subcontinent :-
A large part of a continent which is geographically, culturally and economically distinct from other parts of the continent and has uniformity in its landmass, is called subcontinent.
️ Names of the countries included in the Indian subcontinent :-
The Indian subcontinent includes Pakistan in the northwest, Nepal, Bhutan in the north, Bangladesh in the east and India in the middle .
️ Indian Ocean (Ocean of India) :-
India is also known as Hind i.e. Hindustan . This is the only ocean that has been named after a country as the Indian Ocean .
India's position on the coast of the Indian Ocean between West Asia and East Asia is very important.
The coastline of India situated at the northern end of this ocean is longer than the coastline of any other country.
Why is India's central position at the top of the Indian Ocean important?
The Indian peninsula is about 1600 km in the Indian Ocean. m. extended up to
India's central position on the top of the Indian Ocean in South-Central Asia, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east, is helpful in establishing relations with the developed nations of Europe located in the west.
On the other hand, it is helpful in establishing business relations with countries like Africa, West Asia, South East Asia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and America etc.
Note: - In this way we can say that the Indian Ocean is really a boon for India.
Advantages of India's long coastline :-
Provides favorable conditions for the development of ports and helps in employment generation.
Provides useful waterways for trade.
Trans-oceanic waterways connecting Africa, industrially developed Europe and prosperous West Asia to South-East Asian countries, China, Japan with developed industry, Australia and the west coast of United States pass through India.
There is a difference of two hours in the local time of the easternmost part of India, Arunachal Pradesh and the westernmost part of Gujarat. Why ?
There is a longitude difference of about 30 ° degree i.e. 2933 km between Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat . It takes 4 minutes for the Sun to reach from one longitude to another.
So the time difference between Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat is 30×4 = 120 minutes i.e. two hours.
️ The abundant sunshine and monsoon rains from the tropical sun decide the fate of crores of Indians; How ?
Temperature and rainfall are the two main elements of climate. Their direct effect falls on the soil, animals and human activities here. The fate of agriculture-based industries and the people associated with them is linked to these two climatic elements, so it is quite appropriate to say that the abundant sunshine and monsoon rains from the tropical sun decide the fate of millions of Indians.
️ In Hyderabad the afternoon sun is sometimes from the vertex to the north and sometimes towards the south, but it does not happen in Delhi. Why ?
The virtual transit of the Sun takes place between Cancer and Capricorn. Hyderabad is situated to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, so here the Sun stays at the meridians twice in a year while transiting Uttarayan and Dakshinayana. Whereas due to Delhi being situated in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, here the Sun remains to the south of the meridian.
️ Presently 28 states and 9 union territories of India :-
| No. No. | state | Capital | No. No. | state | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Andra Pradesh | Amravati | 15. | Nagaland | Kohima |
| 2. | Assam | Dispur | 16. | Odisha (Orissa) | Bhubaneswar |
| 3. | Bihar | Patna | 17. | Punjab | Chandigarh |
| 4. | Chhattisgarh | Raipur | 18. | Rajasthan | Jaipur |
| 5. | Jharkhand | Ranchi | 19. | Sikkim | gangtok |
| 6. | Gujarat | Gandhinagar | 20. | Tamil Nadu | Chennai |
| 7. | Haryana | Chandigarh | 21. | Tripura | Agartala |
| 8. | Himachal Pradesh | Shimla | 22. | Uttar Pradesh | Lucknow |
| 9. | Karnataka | Bangalore | 23. | West Bengal | Kolkata |
| 10. | Kerala | Thiruvananthapuram | 24. | Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar |
| 11. | Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal | 25. | Goa | Panaji |
| 12. | Maharashtra | Mumbai | 26. | Mizoram | Aizawl |
| 13. | Manipur | Imphal | 27. | Uttarakhand | Dehradun |
| 14. | Meghalaya | shillong | 28. | Telangana | Hyderabad |
️ Union Territories of India :-
Note: In August 2019, the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir has been abolished and two union territories have been created out of it :-
- (i) Ladakh
- (ii) Jammu and Kashmir
| No. No. | state | Capital |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Delhi | Delhi |
| 2. | Andaman and Nicobar | Port Blair |
| 3. | Chandigarh | Chandigarh |
| 4. | Dadra Nagar Haveli | silvansa |
| 5. | Lakshadweep | Karvati |
| 6. | Puducherry | Puducherry |
| 7. | Daman and Diu | repression |
| 8. | Ladakh | Leh |
| 9. | Jammu & Kashmir | Srinagar |
