Chapter - 7
" Lifelines of the National Economy "
️❇️ Country life lines :-
🔹Modern means of transport and communication that bring people closer to each other and help in national and international trade.
❇️️ Means of Transport :-
🔹Means of transport which carry people and goods from one place to another. For example:- Rail, air and water transport.
❇️️ Means of communication :-
🔹The means that carry information, news, and communication from one place to another. Such as: - Newspaper, radio, TV, telephone, mobile phone, e-mail etc.
❇️️ Means of Transport :-
🔹Site
- road transport
- rail transport
- line pipe
🔹Water
- internal water transport
- sea transport
🔹Air
- domestic airline
- public authority
- private airline
- international airline
❇️️ Road Transport :-
- India is one of the countries with the most road network in the world, this road network is about 56 lakh km. Is .
- Road transport in India started before rail transport.
- Road transport is more convenient than rail transport in construction and arrangement.
❇️️ Types of Roads in India :-
🔹Based on the efficiency of the roads in India, they are classified into the following six categories.
- Golden Quadrilateral Highway: Connects four metropolitan cities.
- National Highway: Connects remote parts of the country.
- State Highway: Connects the state capital to the district headquarters.
- District Road: Connects the administrative center of the district to the district headquarters.
- Other Roads: Roads that connect rural areas with cities.
- Frontier Roads: Connects the north and north east border areas.
❇️️ Golden Quadrilateral Highway :-
- Delhi - Kolkata, Chennai - 6 lane Maharaj Marg connecting Mumbai and Delhi.
- North-South Corridor which connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari.
- East-West Corridor which connects Silchar and Porbandar.
- The main objective of this Maharaja Marg is to connect the metropolitan cities of India.
- This highway project is under the jurisdiction of National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
❇️️ National Highway :-
- National Highways connect remote parts of the country.
- This is the primary road system.
- Their maintenance is under the jurisdiction of the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
❇️ State Highways: -
- The roads connecting the state capitals to the district headquarters are called state highways.
- The Public Works Department (PWD) is responsible for their arrangement and construction in the states and union territories.
️❇️ District Road :-
- These roads connect various administrative centers of the district with the district headquarters.
- The responsibility of these roads rests with the District Zilla Parishad.
❇️️ Other Roads :-
- These roads connect the rural to the cities.
- The development of these roads has got special impetus under the Prime Minister's Rural Roads Project.
❇️️ Frontier Road :-
- Maintains the roads under the Government of India Authority.
- This organization was formed in 1960, whose development of roads of strategic importance in the North Eastern regions has facilitated movement in inaccessible areas.
❇️ Due to road transport being more important than rail transport :-
- Road transport started before rail transport.
- The construction and arrangement is convenient.
- takes us home.
- It can be easily made even in hilly areas, inaccessible areas and rough places.
- Road transport acts as a link among other modes of transport.
❇️ What are the problems facing road transport?
- About half of the roads are unpaved, which are not workable during the rainy season.
- Roads are inadequate in relation to the number of traffic and passengers.
- The roads are tight and congested due to the increasing number of vehicles.
- This causes traffic jam on the roads.
- National highways are also not enough.
❇️️ Rail Transport :-
🔹Benefits :-
- Rail transport is the main mode of transport of goods and passengers.
- Rail transport is helpful in many tasks such as trade, excursions, pilgrimages and transportation of goods over long distances etc.
- Connecting different parts of the country is helpful in national integration and is responsible for the rapid development of industry and agriculture.
- Indian railway transport has been regrouped into 16 rail divisions.
🔹Problem :-
- Traveling without ticket
- Theft and damage to railway property.
- Stopping the train by pulling the chain without reason.
- Trains not running on time.
❇️️ Due to uneven distribution of railway network :-
- The construction and cost is less and easier in the plains.
- Construction is difficult and cost is high in mountainous parts.
- The population density is high in the plains, due to which a network of railways has been laid.
- Due to lack of industrial and agricultural work in the desert and plateau areas, the density of railways is low.
- The development of railways is also affected due to administrative reasons and government policies.
❇️️ Pipeline :-
- The use of pipelines to transport water to industries and households in the first cities.
- Now to transport crude oil, petrol and natural gas to refineries, fertilizer factories and thermal power plants.
- Converting a solid substance into a liquid state.
🔹Important Pipeline Networks :-
- Assam to Kanpur.
- From Gujarat (Salaya) to Jalandhar.
- From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur via Vijaypur.
❇️️ Advantages of Pipeline Transport :-
- Along with delivering water to cities and industries through pipelines, gas, mineral oil are transported from one place to another.
- Saves time.
- Intermediate theft and wastage can be prevented.
- The cost of laying a pipeline is high but the cost of running it is low.
- Transportation by pipeline becomes quick, safe and easy.
- The mounting pressure on the rails can be reduced.
❇️️ Water Transport :-
- Water transport is the cheapest mode of transport.
- Helps in carrying bulky and heavy goods.
- Energy efficient and environment friendly.
- Foreign trade is carried out through the ports located on the Indian coast.
- Inland navigational waterways in India are 14,500 km. is long.
- It covers only 5,685 km. The route itself is covered by mechanized boats.
❇️️ National Waterways of India :-
🔹The following waterways have been declared as National Waterways by the Government of India:-
- The Ganges waterway between Haldia and Allahabad, which is 1620 km. is long.
- 891 km between Sadiya and Dhubri. Long Brahmaputra river waterway.
- West Coast Canal in Kerala (from Kottapuram to Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals – 205 km)
- Special extension of Godavari and Krishna river along with Kakinada and Puducherry canal stretch (1078 km)
- The Matai River, the delta channel of the Mahanadi, the Brahmani River and the Eastern Coastal Canal - a special extension of the Brahmani River - (588 km.)
❇️️ Major sea port :-
🔹India's 7,516.6 km. There are 12 major and 200 medium and minor ports with a long coastline. These major ports handle 95 percent of the country's foreign trade.
❇️️ Major Ports of India :-
🔹Major Ports of Western Ghats of India :-
- Kandla (Deendayal Port):- It is a tidal port, the first port developed after independence located in Gujarat.
- Mumbai Port :- The largest port located in Maharashtra.
- Jawahar Lal Nehru Port:- It was developed from Mumbai port located in Maharashtra.
- Marmagaon Port :- Located in Goa. 50 percent of the iron ore is exported from here.
- New Mangalore :- Located in Karnataka. Iron export from Kudremukh mine.
- Kochi Kerala :- It is a natural port situated at the mouth of the lagoon.
🔹Major Ports of Eastern Ghats of India :-
- Tuticoran Port :- Located in Tamil Nadu. Natural Port Oldest artificial port.
- Chennai Port :- Located in Tamil Nadu. Natural Port Oldest artificial port.
- Visakhapatnam Port :- Located in Andhra Pradesh. deepest port.
- Paradip Port :- Located in Odisha. For export of iron ore.
- Kolkata Port :- Located in West Bengal. inland riverine port
- Haldia Port :- Located in West Bengal. Designed to reduce the increasing pressure on Kolkata.
❇️️ Air Transport :-
- Fastest, comfortable and prestigious means of transport.
- For crossing extremely inaccessible places such as high mountains, deserts, dense forests and long sea routes.
- Very helpful for the North Eastern states of the country.
- Air transport was nationalized in 1953.
- Air India provides international air services whereas Indian Airlines provides domestic air services.
- To provide relief in times of natural calamity.
❇️️ Problems of air transport :-
- Not accessible to everyone, it is an expensive tool.
- Quickly affected by weather conditions.
❇️ Importance of air transport :-
- A comfortable tool.
- The fastest of all means.
- Suitable for inaccessible places.
- Transports to another place in less time.
- Important for the maintenance and food items of the army on the border.
❇️️ Main airports of India :-
- Raja Sansi – in Amritsar (Punjab)
- Indira Gandhi International – in New Delhi
- Chhatrapati Shivaji – in Mumbai
- Meenamakkam – in Chennai
- Netaji Subhash Chandra – In Kolkata
- Rajiv Gandhi - in Hyderabad
❇️️ Communication Services :-
🔹Private telecommunications and mass communication are available in India through television, radio, press, films, telephone, etc.
🔹Personal communication :-
- Card and enveloped letter are considered as first class post.
- Second class mail includes registered packets, books, newspapers and magazines.
- Recently, six postal routes have been built to speed up postal communication in big cities and towns.
- India is a leader in the continent of Asia in the field of telecommunication.
🔹Mass Communication :-
- Newspapers are published in more than 100 Indian languages.
- Along with entertainment, it gives information about many national programs and policies.
- The Central Board of Film Certification has the authority to certify films in India and abroad.
- All India Radio broadcasts various programs in national, regional and local languages for different parts of the country.
❇️ Benefits of using the means of mass communication :-
- Healthy entertainment.
- Creates awareness about national programs and policies.
- is enlightening.
- Sports related programs are broadcast.
- Doordarshan is the medium of national news and messages.
❇️️ Business :-
🔹The exchange of goods between individuals in states and countries is called trade.
🔹Import and export are components of trade.
🔹The difference between imports and exports determines the trade balance of the country.
❇️️ International trade :-
🔹International trade is the exchange of goods between two or more countries. 95 percent of the country's trade is done by sea routes.
🔹All countries are dependent on international trade because the availability of resources is regional i.e. their distribution is unequal.
❇️️ Merchant :-
🔹The persons who transport the product to the consumers by transport are called traders.
❇️️ Trade Balance :-
🔹The difference between the import price and export price of a country is called balance of trade.
❇️️ Unbalanced trade :-
🔹More imports than exports are called unbalanced trade.
❇️ Differences between international trade and local trade: -
| international trade | local business |
|---|---|
| Happens between two countries. | Between villages, towns or cities. |
| is done on a large scale. | is done on a small scale. |
| Foreign currency is exchanged. | The capital of the country resides in that country. |
| Fulfills the needs in the entire public interest. | It caters to the needs of the people of the particular region. |
❇️ Reasons for calling various means of transport and communication the lifelines of the economy:-
- Different means of transport and communication complement each other.
- Connects the distant areas of the country and abroad with each other.
- National and international tourism is encouraged.
- Foreign exchange is received.
- Life becomes comfortable and convenient.
- The whole country unites in emergency.
️❇️ Tourism as a business :-
- About 150 lakh people are engaged in tourism business.
- The tourism industry promotes national integration and develops local handicraft and cultural enterprises.
- The art culture of India introduces the foreign people to the historical heritage.
- operates as a business.
- Foreign nationals come to India from all over the world.
❇️️ New forms of tourism :-
🔹Heritage Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Medical - Tourism, Pari - Tourism, Exciting Tourism, Business Tourism etc.
🔹More than 26 lakh foreign tourists visit India every year.
❇️ How tourism as an industry or trade helps in the development of the economy?
- The tourism industry in India has grown significantly in the last few years.
- More than 150 lakh people are engaged in this industry.
- Local handicraft and cultural enterprises have got opportunities for development.
- Foreign exchange is received.
- National unity is promoted.
