Chapter - 1
" Resources and Development "
❇️ Resources :-
🔹Every thing available in our environment which can be used to meet our needs and for which technology is available which is economically feasible and culturally valid is called resource.
❇️️ Classification of Resources :-
🔹On the basis of origin: - organic and abiotic
🔹On the basis of expiry :- Renewable and non
🔹On the basis of ownership :- Individual, Community, National and International
🔹On the basis of level of development :- potential, potential developed reserves and accumulated funds
❇️ Classification of resources on the basis of origin :-
🔹Bio -resources:- The resources which we get from the biosphere, and in which there is life, are called bio-resources. For example:- Human beings, animals etc.
🔹Abiotic Resources:- All those resources which are made up of non-living things are called abiotic resources. Eg:- Rocks and metals.
❇️️ Classification of resources on the basis of availability :-
🔹Renewable Resources:- Those resources which can be made useful again by various physical, chemical or mechanical processes are called renewable resources. Eg :- Air, water etc.
🔹Non-renewable Resources:- Those resources which cannot be used again after being used once, they have been created and developed over a long geological interval, are called non-renewable resources. Eg:- Minerals.
❇️ Classification of resources on the basis of ownership :-
🔹Personal Resources:- Such resources are called personal resources which are owned by private persons. Example:- A farmer's land, house, etc.
🔹Community Resources:- The resources which are used by all the people of the community are called community resources.
🔹National Resources:- Any kind of resources which are present within the geographical limits of the nation are called national resources.
🔹International Resources: - No country has any right over the open ocean resources beyond 200 miles of the coast line. It is under the supervision of international organizations. These are called international resources.
❇️ Classification of resources on the basis of level of development :-
🔹Potential Resources: The resources which are present in a region but have not been utilized are called potential resources.
🔹Developed Resources:- Those resources whose quality and quantity of use have been determined are called developed resources.
🔹Stored Resources:- The resources available in the environment which are currently out of reach of human due to lack of technology are called stored resources.
🔹Accumulated Resources:- Those resources which can be put to use by the use of technical knowledge, but their use has not started yet are called accumulated resources.
❇️️ Resource Development :-
🔹Resources are very important for human existence. It was believed that the resource is a gift of nature, so it was used indiscriminately by humans, due to which the following main problems have arisen.
- The depletion of resources due to the greed of some persons.
- Resources have come in the hands of only a few people of the society, due to which the society is divided into two halves resource rich and resource less i.e. rich and poor.
- Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to a global ecological crisis such as: - Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation etc.
🔹The equitable distribution of resources in society has become essential for the quality of human life and global peace.
❇️️ Sustainable Development :-
🔹Such judicious use of resources so that not only the needs of the present generation but also the needs of future generations are met, is called sustainable development.
❇️️ Agenda 21 :-
🔹In 1992, under the auspices of the United Nations Environment and Development Conference in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, the Heads of State passed Agenda 21.
❇️ Purpose :-
🔹The aim of which is to tackle environmental damage, poverty and diseases through world cooperation according to common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
❇️️ Resource Planning :-
🔹Such measures or techniques by which the proper use of resources can be ensured is called resource planning.
❇️️ Resource planning in India :-
🔹For proper development with the help of resources, it is necessary that technology, skill and institutional considerations should be kept in mind while planning.
🔹Resource planning has been a major goal in India since the first five year plan.
🔹Following are the main points of resource planning in India:-
- Identifying and making a table of resources of different regions of the whole country.
- To create a planning framework using appropriate skills, technology and institutional framework.
- To strike a good balance between resource planning and development planning.
❇️️ Resource Conservation :-
🔹Proper management of resources so that water, land and - use of vegetation and soil in such a way that the needs of future generations are also taken care of.
❇️️ Land Resources :-
🔹Land is an important natural resource.
🔹Natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems are based on land.
🔹Land is a limited resource, so we should use it carefully and in a planned manner.
❇️️ Land – Resources in India :-
🔹About 43 percent of the land area is plains which are convenient for the development of agriculture and industry.
🔹About 30 percent of the land area is extensively covered by mountains, which ensure the flow of perennial rivers, provide favorable conditions for tourism development and are important for ecology.
🔹About 27 percent of the area is plateau area, which has a huge accumulation fund of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
❇️️ Land use :-
🔹Geographical process according to which land is used for various economic activities.
🔹The factors that determine land use are :-
❇️Forest :-
🔹 A vast area covered by trees.
🔹Land unavailable for agriculture: - Barren and uncultivable land, land used for non-agricultural purposes - buildings, roads, industries .
🔹Fallow land: - Present fallow - where agriculture has not been cultivated for less than one year.
🔹Other fallow:- Other fallow where cultivation has not been done for 1-5 years.
🔹Other cultivable land:- Permanent pastures and other inhospitable lands under various trees, tree crops and groves. Cultivable barren land which is vacant for 5 years or more.
🔹Net sown area:- The area sown more than once in an agricultural year is called net sown area.
❇️️ Types of land use patterns in India :-
🔹The factors that determine land use include physical factors such as landform, soil and climate and human factors such as population density, technological potential, culture and traditions, etc.
❇️️ Due to land degradation :-
- mining
- trespassing
- over-irrigation
- industrial pollution
- deforestation
❇️️ Land Conservation Measures :-
- Plantation
- pastoral control
- protector mekhela
- mining control
- industrial water refining
❇️️ Soil Resources :-
🔹Soil is an important natural resource. Cultivation takes place in the soil itself. Soil is also the natural habitat of many organisms.
❇️ Soil formation: -
🔹The process of soil formation is very slow. This can be gauged from the fact that it takes thousands of years to form just one cm of soil.
🔹Soil is formed by the decomposition of rocks. Many natural factors play an important role in the formation of soil; Such as temperature, water flow, wind.
🔹Many physical and chemical changes also contribute to this process.
❇️️ Soil Types :-
- red and yellow soil
- alluvial soil
- black soil
- forest soil
- desert soil
- laterite soil
❇️️ Alluvial soil :-
- It is found on about 45 percent area of India.
- There is abundance of potash in this soil.
- Developed by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems.
- Found in different proportions of sand, silt and clay.
- Old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar) on the basis of age
- Very fertile and useful for crops like sugarcane, rice, wheat etc.
❇️️ Black Soil :-
- Color black and other names regar soil.
- Presence of titaniferous magnetite and fossils.
- Formation due to break-up of basalt rocks.
- Plenty of iron, lime, aluminum and magnesium.
- Best suited for cotton cultivation.
- It is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
❇️️ Red and Yellow Soil :-
- Due to the excess of iron particles, the color is red and sometimes yellow.
- Soil of acidic nature.
- Fertility can be increased by using lime.
- It is found in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, the Middle Ganges plain and in the mountains of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia.
❇️️ Laterite Soil :-
- Developed in areas with high temperature and high rainfall.
- The result of excessive leaching from heavy rains.
- Suitable for tea and cashew nuts.
- Suitable for hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.
❇️️ Desert soil :-
- Color red and brown.
- Sandy and saline.
- Due to dry climate and high temperature, the rate of water evaporation is high.
- Humus and moisture content is low.
- Can be made fertile by proper irrigation management.
❇️️ Hill Post (Piedmont Zone) :-
🔹The area found at the foot of a mountain or mountain range. For example, the mountain range of the Western Ghats means the area found at the foot of the Western Ghats.
❇️️ Deccan Trap :-
🔹Black soil area of peninsular plateau. It is formed by lava clay. Very fertile area and suitable for cotton cultivation.
❇️️ Forest Soil :-
- Found in mountainous regions.
- Variation in formation according to mountain environment.
- Soils in river valleys are loamy and silty.
- Adisilk and humus free.
❇️️ Difference between Khadar and Bangar :-
| Khadar | Bangar |
|---|---|
| New alluvial soil. | Ancient alluvial soil. |
| More fine and sandy. | Pebbles and calcium carbonate. |
| Frequent renewal possible | No frequent renewal. |
| It is found near river deltas and flood plains. | Found at higher levels away from the river. |
❇️️ Soil erosion :-
🔹The reaction of soil erosion and its flow is called soil erosion.
❇️️ Causes of soil erosion :-
- Deforestation.
- Excessive pastoralism.
- Construction and mining process.
- Natural elements such as falls, glaciers and water.
- Wrong farming methods (plowing methods).
- The blown away of the soil by the wind in the plain or sloping area.
❇️️ Soil Erosion Solutions :-
- By running the plow parallel to the contour lines on sloping land.
- Cultivation by making steps on the sloping land.
- By dividing the large fields into strips, by growing strips of grass in the middle of the crops.
- To make a continuous line of trees in a row around the field. Afforestation.
- By controlling overgrazing.
❇️️ Tubes :-
🔹The flowing water cuts through the clay soils to form deep channels called tubules.
❇️️ Excavated land :-
🔹Such land which is not cultivable is called excavated land.
❇️️ Khad land :-
🔹It is called Khad land in Chambal basin.
❇️️ Wind Erosion :-
🔹The process of carrying away the soil from the plains and slopes by the wind is called wind erosion.
