🔹 Development is defined as growth. Some of the important goals are seeking more income, equal treatment, freedom, security, respect for others etc.
❇️ WHAT DEVELOPMENG PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS :-
🔹 People seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfill their aspirations or desires.
🔹 In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
🔹 So two things are quite clear:
(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be developed for one may not be developed for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
❇️ Income and Other Goals :-
🔹 A person have two types of development goals ie:
👉 1) Material, Things :- money, car, house etc.
👉 2 ) Non-Material Things :- Fredom, friends, equality, respect ete for ie both material and non-material things are equally important or we can say that for
development people look at mix of goals.
❇️ Concept of National Development :-
🔹 World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.
🔹 Those with per capita income of Rs.37000 or less are called low income countries.
🔹 Human Development Report 2006 published by UNDP, “Development is based on per capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.
❇️ National Development :-
🔹 National development refers to the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the people.
🔹 For example: by providing social amenities such as quality education, potable water, transportation, infrastructure and medical care.
❇️ Comparing Development of different countries/States :-
✴️ Comparing Economic Development of Countries :-
🔹 It is earned per person in a given area.
🔹 It is also known as the per capita income.
🔹 Standard of living of the people depends on their per capita income.
🔹 Countries with higher per capita income are considered to be more developed than with less per capita income.
🔹 It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.
❇️ Classifying countries (per capita income criteria of World Bank)
👉 Rich countries ➡️ US$ 12236 PA or above
👉 Low income countries ➡️ US$ 1005 PA or less
👉 Low middle income countries ➡️ US$ 1840 PA in 2016. india comes in this category
❇️ Average Income Per capit a Income :-
🔹 Per capita income or average income is calculated by dividing the total income of a country with its population.
🔹 Averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.
❇️ Income along with other criterion :-
🔹 In comparison of per capita income states, Haryana has 1,62,034 and bihar has 34,168 per capita income respectively.
🔹 In this case Haryana would be considered most developed and Bihar would be considered the least developed.
🔹 But in comparison of infant mortality rate Haryana: 36 per thousand.
🔹 Kerala is 12 per thousand and Bihar is 42 per thousand.
🔹 This shows that besides income all the other factors are also important.
❇️ Infant Mortality Rate :-
🔹 It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular area.
❇️ Literacy Rate :-
🔹 It indicates the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
❇️ Non Attendance Ratio :-
🔹 it is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
❇️ Public Facilities :-
🔹 The facilities that are provided by the government to satisfy the collective needs of the people, example- hospitals, schools, community halls etc.
🔹 Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. Eg:
1. Money cannot buy a pollution free environment.
2. It cannot ensure that you are getting unadulterated medicines.
🔹 Kerala has a low Infant Mortality rate(12 per thousand) since it has adequate provisions of basic health and educational facilities.
🔹 Public distribution system (PDS) of some states functions well. Health and nutrition status of people of such states is likely to be better than the others.
❇️ Human Development :-
🔹 It is defined as a composite statistic of the life expectancy, Education and per capita income indicators which are used to rank countries in four tiers of human development.
🔹 Human development index report is prepared by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
❇️ The three Indicators :-
✴️ Life Expectancy Ratio: It is defined as the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
✴️ Gross enrolment Ratio: it is determined by the number of students enrolled in school at different grade levels.
✴️ Per capita Income: it is the mean income of the people in an economic unit, calculated by total income divided by the total population.
❇️ Human Development Index :-
👉 Total number of countries whose HDI report is prepared : 189
👉 HDI rank of India (2016) : 131
👉 HDI rank of India (2019) : 129
❇️ Sustainability of Development :-
🔹 Development should take place without harming the environment.
🔹 It is the capability to use resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
🔹 It is essential for the survival of the future generation. It takes care of overall development of economy such as health care and education.
👉 Example
✴️ Renewable Resource : Groundwater is under serious threat of overuse. It is replenished by nature.
👉 Example
✴️ Non-Renewable Resource : the reserves of Crude Oil will last for 50 years for all over the world.
