NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Ch 8 Manufacturing Industries

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Which is not a factor of industrial location?

(a) Market

(b) Capital

(d) Power

► (c) Population Density

(ii) The earliest Iron and Steel Company to be established in India was:

(a) IISCO

(b) TISCO

(d) Mysore Iron and Steel Works

► (a) IISCO

(iii) The first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai because:

(a) Mumbai is a port

(b) It is located near cotton growing area

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above.

(iv) The nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region is:

(a) Kolkata-Haora

(b) Kolkata-Rishra

(d) Kolkata-Konnagar

► (a) Kolkata-Haora

(v) Which one of the following is the second largest producer of sugar:

(a) Maharashtra

(b) Uttar Pradesh

(d) Tamil Nadu

► (b) Uttar Pradesh

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Why do you think that the iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country?

Answer

The iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country because almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.

(ii) Name the two sectors of the cottage textile industries. How are they different?

Answer

The cottage textile industries has two sectors: The handloom sector and powerloom sector. The handloom sector depends upon artisans and local raw materials. Its production is limited. Powerloom sector produces cloth on machines. It produces more than 50 per cent of cloth.

(iii) Why is the sugar industry a seasonal industry?

Answer

Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because sugarcane is crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting. Sugarcane cannot be kept in the field in dry season. So it is harvested. The mills work only during the season after the harvest of cane.

(iv) What is the raw material base for the petrochemical industry? Name some of the products of this industry.

Answer

Petroleum is the raw material base for petrochemical industry. Its produce are grouped into four sub-groups:

• Polymers

• Synthetic fibres

• Elastomers

• Surfactant intermediate

(v) What is the major impact of Information Technology (IT) revolution in India?

Answer

The IT and IT enabled business process outsourcing (ITES- BPO) services continue to be on a robust growth path. Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy. The software industry has surpassed electronic hardware production.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) How did the Swadeshi movement give a major impetus to the cotton textiles industry?

Answer

After the first mills were set up in Mumbai and Ahmedabad in the second half of the nineteenth century, the cotton textile industry expanded very rapidly. The number of units increased dramatically. The Swadeshi movement gave a major impetus to the industry as there was a call for boycotting all British made goods in favour of Indian goods. After 1921, with the development of the railway network other cotton textile centres expanded rapidly. In southern India, mills were set up at Coimbatore, Madurai and Bengaluru. In central India Nagpur, Indore, Solapur and Vadodara became cotton textile centres. Cotton textile mills were set up at Kanpur based on local investment. Mills were also set up at Kolkata due to its port facilities. The development of hydro-electricity also favoured the location of the cotton textile mills away from the cotton producing areas. The rapid development of this industry in Tamil Nadu is the result of the abundant availability of hydel power for the mills. Lower labour costs at centres like Ujjain, Bharuch, Agra, Hathras, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli also caused industries to be located away from cotton producing area.

(ii) What do you understand by liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation? How have they helped industrial development in India?

Answer

The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991. The major objectives of this policy were to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness.

Within this policy, measures initiated are :

(1) abolition of industrial licensing,

(2) free entry to foreign technology,

(3) foreign investment policy,

(4) access to capital market,

(5) open trade,

(6) abolition of phased manufacturing programme, and

(7) liberalised industrial location programme.

The policy has three main dimensions: liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.

The industrial licensing system has been abolished for all except six industries related to security, strategic or environmental concerns. The government also has decided to offer a part of the shareholdings in the public enterprises to financial institutions, general public and workers. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as a supplement to the domestic investment for achieving a higher level of economic development.

The industrial policy has been liberalised to attract private investor both domestic and multi-nationals. New sectors like, mining, telecommunications, highway construction and management have been thrown open to private companies. Larger parts of this investment have gone to domestic appliances, finance, services, electronics and electrical equipment, and food and dairy products.

Globalisation means integrating the economy of the country with the world economy. Under this process, goods and services along with capital, labour and resources can move freely from one nation to another.

In the Indian context, this implies:

(1) opening of the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economies activity in India;

(2) removing restrictions and obstacles to the entry of multi-national companies in India;

(3) allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaboration in India and also encouraging them to set up joint-ventures abroad;

(4) carrying out massive import liberalisation programmes by switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs in the first place, and then bringing down the level of import duties considerably;

(5) instead of a set of export incentives, opting for exchange rate adjustments for promoting export.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

List the significance of the secondary sector.

Answer:

Secondary sector processes primary products into finished goods of higher value. It provides employment to a large number of people and contributes to national income.

Question 2.

Why are synthetic fibres gaining importance? Name some locations where they are located.

Answer:

Synthetic fibres are widely used in the manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent strength, durability, washability, and resistance to shrinkage. Industries manufacturing nylon and polyester yarns are located at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna. Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara.

Question 3.

What is knowledge based industry? Why is it gaining importance? ‘

Answer:

The advancement in information technology has had a profound influence on the country’s economy. The Information Technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation. The IT and IT enabled business process outsourcing (ITES-BPO) services continue to be on a robust growth path. Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy.

Questions 4.

What is the impact of globalisation in India?

What do you mean by globalisation in Indian context?

Answer:

The impact of globalization in India are:

Opening of the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity in India.
Removing restrictions and obstacles to the entry of multinational companies in India.
Allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaboration in India and also encouraging them to set up joint venture’s abroad.
Carrying out massive import liberalization programmes by switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs in the first place, and then bringing down the level of import duties considerably.
Instead of a set of export incentives, opting for exchange rate adjustments for promoting export.

Question 5.

Why there is spatial variation in FDI in India?

Answer:

Major share of both domestic investment as well as foreign direct investment went to already developed states. For example, out of the total proposed investment by the industrial entrepreneurs during 1991-2000 nearly one fourth (23 per cent) was for industrially developed Maharashtra, 17 per cent for Gujarat, 7 per cent for Andhra Pradesh, and about 6 per cent for Tamil Nadu while Uttar Pradesh, the state with the largest population has only 8 per cent. In spite of several concessions, seven north-eastern states could get less than 1 per cent of the proposed investment. In fact, economically weaker states could not compete with the developed states in open market in attracting industrial investment proposals and hence they are likely to suffer from these processes.

Question 6.

How are industrial regions distributed in our country? List the indices used to identity them.

Answer:

Industries are not evenly distributed in the country. They tend to concentrate on certain locations because of the favourable locational factors.

Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries, important among them are:

The number of industrial units
Number of industrial workers
Quantum of power used for industrial purposes
Total industrial output, and
Value added by manufacturing, etc.

Question 7.

Give a brief description of IISCO.

Answer:

IISCO stands for The Indian Iron and Steel Company.

Factories under it: It sets up its first factory at Hirapur and later on another at Kulti. In 1937, the Steel Corporation of Bengal was constituted in association with IISCO and set up another iron and steel producing unit at Burnpur (West Bengal).
Present Location: All the three plants under IISCO are located very close to Damodar valley coal fields (Raniganj, Jharia, and Ramgarh).
Material: Iron ore comes from Singhbhum in Jharkhand. Water is obtained from the Barakar river, a tributary of the Damodar.
Ownership: Steel production from IISCO fell considerably in 1972-73 and the plants were taken over by the government.

Question 8.

Why are most of sugar mills established in sugarcane producing areas?

Why are the sugarcane industries located within the cane producing areas?

Answer:

Most of sugar mills are established in sugarcane producing areas because:

Sugarcane is a weight-losing crop. The ratio of sugar’to sugarcane varies between 9 to 12 per cent depending on its variety. Its sucrose content begins to dry during haulage after it has been harvested from the field.
Better recovery of sugar is dependent upon its being crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting.

Question 9.

Why iron and steel industry is located in peninsular plateau?

Answer:

Iron and steel plant requires raw materials which are weight losing, heavy & bulky therefore its location is influenced by: ‘

Raw Materials: Iron ore, coal, limestone, dolomite, manganese are weight losing and therefore, industries should be located near the source of raw materials.
Cost: Industry should be located at place where the cost of assembling and the raw material and distribution of finished product is the lowest. Some steel plants are located near coal fields and iron ore producing areas.
Transport: All ’ the plants are located on the trunk rail routes which connects them to large urban market.All these conditions are favorable as peninsular India and hence iron and steel is locked there.

Question 10.

What are the factors affecting cotton textile industry?

What favorable conditions are present in India for development of cotton industry?

Give reasons for the development of cotton textile industries in India.

Answer:

The following favorable conditions are present in India for development of cotton industry:

It is a tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and humid climate. So demand is high.
Large quantity of cotton is grown in India.
Abundant skilled labour required for this industry is available in this country.
In some areas the people are producing cotton textiles for generations find transferred the skill from one generation to the other and in the process perfected their skills.

Question 11.

Why did the development of cotton textile industries occur in and around Mumbai?

Answer:

It was very close to the cotton producing areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Raw cotton used to be brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England. Therefore, cotton was available in Mumabi city itself. Mumbai was the financial centre and the capital needed to start an industry was available there. Employment opportunities attracted labour in large numbers. The machinery required for a cotton textile mill could be directly imported from England.

Question 12.

Give a brief account of cotton textile industry in India.

Answer:

Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton mills.
Coimbatore is the most important centre as approximately half the mills are located there.
In Karnataka, the cotton textile industry has developed in the cotton producing areas in the north-eastern part of the state.
In Andhra Pradesh, it is located in Telangana region where most of the mills are spinning mills producing yarn. Most important centres are Hyderabad, Secunderbad, Warangal and Guntur.
In U.P., Kanpur is the largest centre. The important centres are Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Lucknow and Agra.
West Bengal has centres like Howrah, Serampur, Kolkata and Shyarri nagar.

Question 13.

Cotton textile has been facing problem. Discuss.

Answer:

Cotton textiles has been facing tough competition from synthetic cloth due to the following reasons:

Synthetic fibres’ inherent strength, durability, washability and resistance to shrinkage.
Old and obsolete machinery are still operating leading to lesser output.
Irregular power supply.
Good quality growing areas went to West Pakistan.
Per unit production is less.

Question 14.

State the importance of sugar industry in India.

Answer:

It is the second most important agro-based industry in the country.
It is the largest producer of sugarcane and contributes about 8 per cent of the total sugar production in the world.
Beside khandsari and gur are also prepared from sugarcane.
Industry provides employment for more than 4 lakhs persons directly and a large number of farmers indirectly.

Question 15.

What are petrochemical industries?

Define petrochemical industries. Name four sub-groups of the products of these industries.

Answer:

Many items are derived from crude petroleum, which provide materials for many new industries, these are known as petrochemical industries.

Some groups of these industries:

Polymers
Synthetic fibres
Elastomers
Surfactant intermediate.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

Why most of the iron and steel industries are located in the Chhotanagpur plateau?

Answer:

This region extends over Jharkhand, northern Odisha and western West Bengal and is known for the heavy metallurgical industries.

This region owes its development to the discovery of coal in the Damodar Valley and metallic and non-metallic minerals in Jharkhand and northern Odisha. Proximity of coal, iron ore and other minerals facilitated the location of heavy industries in this region. Six large integrated iron and steel plants at Jamshedpur, Burnpur- Kulti, Durgapur, Bokaro and Rourkela are located within this region.

To meet the power requirement, thermal and hydroelectric plants have been constructed in the Damodar Valley. This region is well connected to the transportation network between the metros of Mumbai and Kolkata and water ways. Water for the plants is easily available from Subarnarekha and it’s tributary. Kolkata port is nearby. Densely populated surrounding regions provide cheap labour and Hugli region provides vast market for its industries. Heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals are some of the important industries in this region. Important centres are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur, Asansol and Dalmianagar.

Question 2.

Explain different phases of development of cotton industry in India.

Answer:

The cotton textile industry is one of the traditional industries of India. In the ancient and the medieval times, it used to be only a cottage industry. India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine variety of cotton cloth, calicos, chintz and other different varieties of fine cotton cloth.

Initially, the British did not encourage the development of the indigenous cotton textile industry. They exported raw cotton to their mills in Manchester and Liverpool and brought back instead the finished products to be sold in India. In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai. Subsequently, two more mills, the Shahpur Mill and the Calico Mill were established in Ahmedabad. By 1947, the number of mills in India went up to 423 but the scenario changed after partition, and this industry suffered a major recession.

After independence India was left with 409 mills and only 29 per cent of the cotton producing areas. After Independence, this industry gradually recovered and eventually flourished. After 1921, with the development of the railway network other cotton textile centres expanded rapidly. In southern India, mills were set up at Coimbatore, Madurai and Bangalore. In Central India, Nagpur, Indore, Solapur and Vadodara became cotton textile centres. Cotton textile mills were set up at Kanpur based on local investment.

Tamil Nadu has the largest number of mills and most of them produce yarn rather than cloth. Coimbatore has emerged as the most important centre with nearly half the mills located there. Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Thanjavur, Ramanathapuram and Salem are the other important centres. In Karnataka, the cotton textile industry has developed in the cotton producing areas in the north-eastern part of the state. Davangere, Hubli, Bellary, Mysore and Bangalore are important centres. In Andhra Pradesh, the cotton textile industry is located in the cotton producing Telangana region, where most of the mills are spinning mills producing yarn. The important centres are Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Warangal and Guntur. In Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur is the largest centre. Some of the other important centres are Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Agra and Lucknow. In West Bengal, the cotton mills are located in the Hugli region.

Question 3.

Explain different phases of development of petrochemical industry in India.

Answer:

Many items are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials for many new industries, these are collectively known as petrochemical industries.

This group of industries is divided into four sub-groups:

Polymers
Synthetic fibres
Elastomers
Surfactant intermediate

Three organisations are working in the petrochemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.

Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL) is a public sector undertaking. It is responsible for the manufacture and distribution of various petrochemicals like polymers, chemicals, fibres and fibre intermediates.
Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL) is a joint venture of the Government of India and Weaver’s Cooperative Societies.
Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET), involved in imparting training in petrochemical industry.

Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene. These materials are obtained in the process of refining crude oil. Polymers are used as raw materials in the plastic industry. The National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL), established in private sector in 1961, started the first naphtha based chemical industry in Mumbai. The plants located at Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri and Rishra are the major producers of plastic materials. Synthetic fibres are widely used in the manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent’ strength, durability, washability, and resistance to shrinkage. Industries manufacturing nylon and polyester yarns are located at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna. Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara.

Question 4.

Write a detailed note on Hugli industrial area.

Answer:

It is located along the Hugli river.

Extension: This region extends from Bansberia in the north to Birlanagar in the south for a distance of about 100 km. Industries also have developed in Mednipur in the West Kolkata-Howrah from the nucleus of this industrial region.

Development: Historical, geographical, economic and political factors have contributed much to its development. It developed with the opening of river port on Hugli. Kolkata emerged as a leading centre of the country. Later, Kolkata was connected with interior parts by railway lines and road routes. Development of tea plantations in Assam and northern hills of West Bengal, the processing of indigo earlier and jute later coupled with the opening of coalfields of the Damodar Valley and iron ore deposits of the Chotanagpur plateau, contributed to the industrial development of the region.

Labour: Cheap labour available from thickly populated part of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odisha also contributed to its development. Kolkata, being the capital city of British India (1773-1911), attracted the British capital. The establishment of first jute mill at Rishra in 1855 ushered in the era of modern industrial clustering in this region. The major concentration of jute industry is at Haora and Bhatapara. The partition of the country in 1947 adversely affected this industrial region. Cotton textile industry also grew along with jute industry, paper, engineering, textile machinery, electrical, chemical, pharmaceuticals, fertiliser and petrochemical industries have also developed within this region. Factory of the Hindustan Motors Limited at Konnagar and diesel engine factory at Chittaranjan are landmarks of this region.

Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia has facilitated the development of a variety of industries.

Important industrial centres of this region: Kolkata, Haora, Haldia, Serampur, Rishra, Shibpur, Naihati, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Birlanagar, Bansberia, Belgurriah, Triveni, Hugli, Belur, etc.

Question 5.

What were the policies adopted under New Industrial Policy 1991? What were its objectives?

Explain the objectives and measures initiated under new industrial policy announced in 1991.

Answer:

The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991. Following measures were initiated under this policy: