NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Ch 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?

(a) Farming

(b) Trading

(d) Hunting

► (b) Trading

(ii) Which one of the following activities is NOT a secondary sector activity?

(a) Iron Smelting

(b) Catching fish

(d) Basket Weaving

► (b) Catching fish

(iii) Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

(a) Primary

(b) Quaternary

(d) Service

► (d) Service

(iv) Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:

(a) Secondary activities

(b) Quaternary activities

(d) Primary activities

► (d) Primary activities

(v) Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector?

(a) Manufacturing computers

(b) Paper and Raw pulp production

(d) Printing books

► (c) University teaching

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(vi) Which one out of the following statements is not true?

(a) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.

(b) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.

(d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.

► (c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain retail trading service.

Answer

Retail trading service is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to

selling.

(ii) Describe quaternary services.

Answer

Quaternary services involve the collection, production and dissemination of information or even the

production of information. These activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge and technical skills.

(iii) Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.

Answer

India, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia are the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.

(iv) What is digital divide?

Answer

Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. While developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide.

3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

(i) Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic development.

Answer

Services are usually defined as ‘activities’ which are relatively detached from material production and hence are not directly involved in the processing of physical materials.

• Services are an important part of modern economic development which include health, education, law, governance and recreation etc.

• Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for them. Many services have now been regulated with the growth of population. Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining fire fighting departments and supplying or supervising education and customer -care are among the important services most often supervised or performed by governments or companies.

• State and union legislation have established corporations to supervise and control the marketing of such services as transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply.

• Professional services are primarily health care, engineering, law and management. The location of recreational and entertainment services depends on the market.

• Today most people are service workers. Services are provided in all societies. But in more developed countries a higher percentage of workers is employed in providing services as compared to less developed countries.

• The trend in employment in this sector has been increasing while it has remained unchanged or decreasing in the primary and secondary activities.

(ii) Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services.

Answer

The significance of transport and communication services:

• Transport and communication services are called lifeline of an economy.

• Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are physically carried from one location to another. Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods. At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation.

• Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts and ideas. The invention of writing preserved messages and helped to make communication dependent on means of transport. These were actually carried by hand, animals, boat, road, rail and air. Where the transport network is efficient, communications are easily disseminated. Certain developments, such as mobile telephony and satellites, have made communications independent of transport.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

What are the components of tertiary activity?

Answer:

Tertiary activities includes both production and exchange. Production includes the provision of services that are consumed. The output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries. Exchange involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance. Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services rather than the production of tangible goods. Examples include work of a technician, driver, lawyer, administrator, publisher, etc

Question 2.

With examples, explain retail trading service.

Answer:

This is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, door-to-door, mail-order, telephone, automatic vending machines and internet are examples of non-store retail trading.

Question 3.

How is transport distance measured?

Answer:

Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are physically carried,from one location to another. Transport, distance can be measured as: km distance or actual distance of route length; time distance or the time taken to travel on a particular route; and cost distance or the expense of travelling on a route. In selecting the mode of transport, distance, in terms of time or cost, is the determining factor.

Question 4.

Enlist the factors that affect transport services.

Answer:

Demand for transport is influenced by the size of population. The larger the population size, the greater is the demand for transport. Routes depend on: location of cities, towns, villages, industrial centres and raw materials, pattern of trade between them, nature of the landscape between them, type of climate, and funds available for overcoming obstacles along the length of the route.

Question 5.

What are the factors that affect tourism?

Answer:

Factors affecting tourism are:

Demand: Since the last century, the demand for holidays has increased rapidly. Improvements in the standard of living and increased leisure time, permit many more people to go on holidays for leisure. Transport: The opening-up of tourist areas has been aided by improvement in transport facilities. Travel is easier by car, with better road systems. More significant in recent years has been the expansion in air transport. For example, air travel allows one to travel anywhere in the world in a few hours of flying time from their homes. The advent of package holidays has reduced the costs.

Question 6.

What is outsourcing? Why do some countries outsource their work? What is its outcome?

Answer:

Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce cost. Some of the developed countries

outsource their work because of high wages in their own countries compared to the developing countries which offer similar services at a much cheaper rate. So for optimal use of resource and to maximize profit, these companies outsource their work to overseas location (offshoring). Example; Data processing is an IT related service which can be easily carried out in Asian, East European countries where IT skill staff with good English language are available at a much lower wages. Also overhead costs are much lower, making it all the more profitable.

Question 7.

Define Medical Tourism. Which countries are gaining from Medical Tourism? How does it help?

Answer:

When medical treatment is combined with international tourism activity, it is commonly known as medical tourism. India has emerged as a leading center with world class hospitals in the metro cities. Medical tourism brings huge benefits to the developing countries like India, Thailand. There is also the trend of outsourcing the medical tests and data interpretation, and some centers in India, Switzerland and Australia carry on some medical services like reading of radiology images, to interpreting MRI’s and ultrasound tests. It is advantageous to patients as it provides better quality and specialized care.

Question 8.

What is meant by digital divide? Why does it vary inter-country and intra country?

Answer:

Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. How quickly countries can provide ICT access and benefits to its citizens is the deciding factor. While developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide. Similarly digital divides exist within countries. For example, in a large country like India or Russia, it is inevitable that certain areas like metropolitan centers posses^ better connectivity an access to the digital world versus peripheral rural areas.

Question 9.

Explain the following terms:

Answer:

Network: With the development of transport system, different places . are linked together to form a network. They are formed of nodes and links. A developed network has many links, which means that places are well connected.
Node: A node is the meeting point of two or more routes, point of origin, a point of destination, or any sizeable town along the route.
Link: Every road that joins two nodes is called a link.

Question 10.

What are the factors of tourist attractions?

Answer:

Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays. This is one of the main reasons for the importance of tourism in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean lands. The Mediterranean climate offers almost consistently higher temperatures, than in other parts of Europe, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall throughout the peak holiday season. People taking winter holidays have specific climatic requirements, either higher temperatures than their own homelands, or snow cover suitable for skiing.

Landscape: Many people like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment, which often means mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man.

History and Art: The history and art of an area have potential attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches. Culture and Economy: These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local custom. Besides, if a region provides for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular. Home-stay has emerged as a profitable business such as heritage homes in Goa, Madikere and Coorg in Karnataka.

Question 11.

How tourism has become the single largest tertiary activity?

Answer:

Tourism has become the single largest activity in the total registered jobs and total revenue because:

It not only serves the purpose of recreation but also it provides employment to many local people. They provide services like transport, accommodation, entertainment and other services.
Tourism fosters the growth of infrastructure industries, retail trading and craft industry.
It also increases national income.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

What are trading centers? Write a note on trading centers of the world?

Answer:

Trading centers are the towns and cities where buying and selling of items take place, which were produced elsewhere. Trading center may be rural and urban. Rural marketing centers cater to nearby settlements, these are semi urban centers of rudimentary type and act as local collecting and distributing centers. Personal and professional services are not well developed here, but they are important to cater to the basic demand of rural people. In rural areas periodic markets are also organized, these markets are held on specified days and move from place to place.

Urban trading centers provide specialized services, along with the ordinary goods and services required by the people. They provide manufactured goods and as well as many specialized markets offer like labour, housing, etc. Specialized service of lawyers, doctors, veterinary services, consultants of different professions are also available. Retail trading also takes place through specialized stores like cooperative stores, departmental stores and chain stores.

Question 2.

Write a note on Telecommunication services and its importance.

Answer:

Telecommunication is generally distance communication and it’s use is directly linked to the development of modem technology. It has revolutionized communications because of the speed with which messages are sent. The time reduced is from weeks to minutes. Besides, the recent advancements like mobile telephone have made communications direct and instantaneous at any time and from anywhere. The telegraph, morse code and telex have almost become things of the past. Radio and television also help to relay news, pictures, and telephone calls to vast audiences around the world and hence they are termed as mass media. They are vital for advertising and entertainment. Newspapers are able to cover events from all corners of the world. Satellite communication relays information of the earth and from space. The internet has truly revolutionized the global communication system.

Question 3.

With examples show the importance of tourism in the world today.

Answer:

Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business. It has become the world’s single largest tertiaiy activity in total registered jobs (250 million) and total revenue (40 per cent of the total GDP). Besides, many local persons, are employed to provide services like accommodation, meals, transport, entertainment and special shops serving the tourists. Tourism fosters the growth of infrastructure industries, retail trading, and craft industries (souvenirs). In some regions, tourism is seasonal because the vacation period is dependent on favorable weather conditions, but many regions attract visitors all the year round.

The warmer places around the Mediterranean Coast and the West Coast of India are some of the popular tourist destinations in the world. Others include winter sports regions, found mainly in mountainous areas, and various scenic landscapes and national parks, which are scattered. Historic towns also attract tourists, because of the monument, heritage sites and cultural activities. All these regions benefited from tourism through the development of infrastructure industries, retail trading, craft industries in their respective regions.

Question 4.

Write a note on the Quinary activities & their importance in today’s world.

Answer:

The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quinary activities. Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.

Question 5.

Explain the similarities and differences between quaternary and quinary activities.

Answer:

In order to understand the similarities between the two, let us first look at their features:

Features of Quaternary Activities:

These services are advanced and specialized economic activities and are concern mainly with information processing, research and development,
Offer high income.
These services are mainly concentrated in fast growing developed countries with specialized knowledge, technical skills, and administrative competence.
It belongs to service sector that is knowledge oriented and can also be outsourced. They are not tied to resources, affected by the environment, or necessarily localized by market. Features of Quinary Activities:
Quinary activities are the services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas, data and technologies.