Class 10 History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Notes in English
📚 Chapter = 5 📚
💠Print Culture and the Modern World ðŸ’
❇️ Early printed books :-
🔹Print technology was first developed in China, Japan and Korea.
🔹 In China, since 594 AD, printing was done on paper by applying ink on a wooden block.
🔹 In those days, the paper was thin and porous. It was not possible to print on both sides of such paper. Accordion books were made by stitching both ends of the paper and then folding the rest of the paper.
❇️ What kind of books were printed in those days and who used to read them?
🔹 For a long time, the monarchy of China was the largest producer of printed goods. People were appointed in the administrative system of China through civil service examination.
🔹 For this exam, the Chinese monarchy used to print textbooks on a large scale. In the sixteenth century, the number of candidates appearing in this exam increased a lot. Therefore, the speed of printing books also increased.
❇️ So was the printing done only for students :-
🔹By the seventeenth century, due to the growth of urban environment in China, printing started being used for many purposes. Now printing was not limited only to intellectuals or officials.
🔹Now businessmen also started using printing in everyday life so that it becomes easier to maintain data related to business.
🔹 Stories, poems, biographies, autobiographies, plays etc. also started getting printed. This helped fulfill the hobbies of people who were fond of reading.
🔹 Reading in free time had become a fashion. Rich women also started liking reading and many of them even got their poems and stories published.
❇️How did printing come to Japan :-
🔹Print technology was brought to Japan by Buddhist preachers around 768 to 770 AD.
🔹The Buddhist book Diamond Sutra; which was printed in 868 AD; is considered to be the oldest book in the Japanese language.
🔹At that time, libraries and book shops were full of hand-printed books and other materials.
🔹Books were available on many subjects; such as those on women, musical instruments, accounting, tea rituals, floristry, etiquette and cookery, etc.
❇️ Arrival of printing in Europe :-
Chinese paper reached Europe in the eleventh century via the Silk Route.
In 1925 Marco Polo went to Italy with knowledge of printing from China.
To meet the growing demand for books, booksellers now began to employ calligraphers or scribes.
It was impossible to meet the huge demand for books through handwritten manuscripts.
❇️ Gutenberg's Printing Press :-
🔹 Johann Gutenberg's father was a merchant and he grew up on a large agricultural estate. He had been watching oil and olive pressing machines since childhood. Later he learned the art of polishing stones, then goldsmithery and finally he mastered the art of shaping glass into desired shapes.
🔹 He used his knowledge and experience in his new invention. The olive press became the model for the printing press and molds were used to cast metal shapes of letters.
🔹 Gutenberg completed his machine by 1448 and the first book printed from it was the Bible.
🔹 In the beginning, printed books were similar to handwritten books in their appearance and decoration. Between 1440 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
❇️ Platan :-
🔹 In letterpress printing, the platen is a board, which is pressed behind the paper to get the type impression. Earlier this board was made of wood, later it started being made of steel.
❇️ Printing Revolution and its impact :-
- With the advent of the printing press a new class of readers was born.
- The cost and labour involved in printing was reduced.
- The price of books fell due to printing.
- The market was flooded with books, and the number of readers also grew larger.
- Due to the printing revolution, the public which was earlier a listener has now turned into a reader.
- Now books had reached wider sections of society.
❇️ Religious controversy and fear of print :-
Many people feared that if printing was not controlled, rebellious and irreligious ideas would flourish.
Religious reformer Martin Luther King described the evil practices of the Catholic Church through his writings.
Luther's translation of the Testament led to division in the church and the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Roman Church started the Inquisition to reform those who opposed religion.
In 1558 the Roman Church published a list of banned books.
❇️ Passion for reading :-
🔹 The level of literacy in Europe improved significantly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the end of the eighteenth century, the literacy level in some parts of Europe had reached 60 to 80 percent.
🔹 Magazines, novels, almanacs, etc. were the best-selling books.
🔹 Due to printing, new ideas and new discoveries of scientists and logicians could easily reach the common people. Any new idea could now be shared with more and more people and there could be better debate on it.
❇️ Printing Culture and French Revolution :-
🔹Many historians believe that print culture created an environment that led to the French Revolution. Some of these reasons are as follows:-
- With the help of print media, his writings criticised tradition, atheism, and absolutism.
- Emphasis was laid on the rule of conscience instead of customs and traditions.
- Attack on the religious power of the Church and the autocratic power of the state.
- Printing gave birth to a new culture of debate.
❇️ Nineteenth century :-
🔹 There was a tremendous increase in literacy in Europe in the nineteenth century. This gave rise to a new class of readers which included children, women and laborers.
🔹 Keeping in mind the tender age and immature mind of children, separate books started being written for them. Many folktales were changed so that children could understand them easily.
🔹Many women became writers along with readers and this increased their importance further.
🔹 Libraries that rented out books came into vogue in the seventeenth century itself. Now white collar workers, artisans and people from the lower class also started visiting such libraries.
❇️ Other improvements in print technology :-
🔹Richard M. Hoe of New York had created a power-driven cylindrical press by the middle of the nineteenth century. This press could print 8,000 pages in an hour.
🔹 Offset printing was developed at the end of the nineteenth century. Offset printing allowed printing in six colors at once.
🔹With the advent of the twentieth century, electric presses also started being used. This accelerated the printing process.
🔹 Apart from this, there were many other improvements in the technology of printing. The collective essence of all the improvements was that the form of the printed material changed.
❇️ New ways to sell books :-
🔹 In the nineteenth century, novels were published in the form of serials in many magazines. This could encourage readers to buy the next issue of that magazine.
🔹 In the 1920s, popular literature in England was sold at cheap rates under the name of Shilling Series.
🔹The practice of binding books started in the twentieth century.
🔹 To overcome the impact of the Great Depression of the 1930s, a paperback edition was introduced, which was cheaper.
❇️ Printing World of India :-
🔹India had an old and rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various regional languages.
🔹 Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper and were bound in covers or tablets to increase their life.
🔹 In the pre-colonial period, Bengal had a large network of primary schools in rural areas, but students generally did not read books.
🔹 The Guru used to narrate books from his memory, and the students used to write them down. In this way many people became literate without reading any book.
❇️ Manuscripts :-
- Books written by hand are called manuscripts.
❇️Limitations of their use :-
The increasing demand for books was not going to be met by manuscripts.
Copying is very costly, takes a lot of time and the demand cannot be met.
These were very delicate. It was difficult to maintain and transport them.
Because of the above problems their communication was difficult.
❇️ Arrival of printing culture in India :-
The printing press first came to Goa, India in the sixteenth century with Portuguese missionaries.
By 1674 AD, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannada languages.
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in Cochin in 1579 and the first Malayalam book in 1713.
James Augustus Hickey started editing a weekly magazine called Bengal Gazette from 1780.
Gangadhar Bhattacharya started the publication of Bengal Gazette.
Bengal Gazette was the first Indian newspaper; which was started by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
❇️ Religious reforms and public debates :-
🔹Print culture helped start debates on religious, social and political issues in India. People began to criticize the practice of many religious customs.
🔹 From 1821, Ram Mohan Roy started publishing Sambad Kaumudi. This magazine criticized the orthodox views of Hinduism. To counter such criticism, Hindu orthodoxists started publishing a magazine called Samachar Chandrika.
🔹 In 1810, Ramcharitmanas written by Tulsidas was printed in Calcutta. From the 1880s, Naval Kishore Press of Lucknow and Sri Venkateswara Press of Bombay started printing religious texts in commonly spoken languages.
🔹 In this way, religious texts became accessible to the common people due to print. This started setting the framework for new political debates. Due to print, news from one part of India started reaching people of other parts. This also brought people closer to each other.
❇️How did Muslims take the printing culture :-
🔹 In 1822, two newspapers were started in Persian, namely Jam-e-Jahan-Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper was also started, named Bombay Samachar.
🔹Ulema of northern India started printing Urdu and Persian translations of religious texts using cheap lithography presses. They also published religious newspapers and handbooks.
🔹 Deoband Seminary was established in 1867. This seminary started printing thousands of fatwas regarding the right conduct and thoughts in the life of a Muslim.
❇️ New forms of publication :-
🔹 In the beginning, people of India got to read only the novels of European writers. Those novels were written in the European environment. Therefore, people here were not able to relate to those novels.
🔹 Later, writers writing on the Indian environment also emerged. Readers could relate themselves better to the characters and emotions of such novels. New genres of writing also started emerging; such as songs, short stories, essays on political and social issues, etc.
🔹 By the end of the nineteenth century, a new kind of visual culture was also taking shape. Many printing presses also started printing large numbers of copies of paintings. The works of painters like Raja Ravi Varma were now being printed for the public.
🔹 By 1870, cartoons also started appearing in magazines and newspapers. Such cartoons used to satirize the social and political issues of the time.
❇️ Print and Women :-
🔹The definition of the new woman emerged from the writings of Jane Austen, the Brant sisters, George Eliot, etc.: one who had a strong personality, who had deep insight, and who had her own mind and willpower.
🔹Women's lives and their feelings began to be written about with great clarity and depth. Therefore, women in middle-class households also became more educated than before.
- In 1876 Rashsundari Devi's autobiography Amar Jiban was published.
- In 1880, Tarabai Shinde and Pandit Ramabai expressed anger over the miserable condition of upper caste women.
- Ram Chaddha wrote her best-selling work Stree Dharma Vichar with the aim of teaching women to be obedient wives.
- 1871 Jyotirao Phule wrote on the atrocities of the caste system in his book Gulamgiri.
❇️Print and poor people :-
🔹 Cheap and small books had arrived in the cities of Madras in the nineteenth century. These books were sold at crossroads so that even poor people could buy them.
🔹 Public libraries started being established from the beginning of the twentieth century. Due to these libraries, access to books started increasing for the people. Many rich people started building libraries so that their reputation could increase in their area.
🔹 Kanpur mill worker Kashibaba tried to explain the relationship between caste and class exploitation by writing and publishing 'The question of small and big' in 1938.
❇️Print and Restrictions :-
🔹 Until 1798, the colonial rulers were not very serious about censorship. Whatever little controls were imposed in the beginning were imposed on those British living in India who criticized the company's misrule.
🔹After the revolt of 1857, the attitude of the British government towards freedom of the press started changing. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.
🔹This law gave the government immense power to censor news and editorials in the vernacular press.
🔹If a seditious report was published, the newspaper was warned. If that warning had no effect, then there was a possibility that the press would be closed and the printing machines would be confiscated.
📚 Chapter = 5 📚
💠Print Culture and the Modern World ðŸ’
❇️ Early printed books :-
🔹Print technology was first developed in China, Japan and Korea.
🔹 In China, since 594 AD, printing was done on paper by applying ink on a wooden block.
🔹 In those days, the paper was thin and porous. It was not possible to print on both sides of such paper. Accordion books were made by stitching both ends of the paper and then folding the rest of the paper.
❇️ What kind of books were printed in those days and who used to read them?
🔹 For a long time, the monarchy of China was the largest producer of printed goods. People were appointed in the administrative system of China through civil service examination.
🔹 For this exam, the Chinese monarchy used to print textbooks on a large scale. In the sixteenth century, the number of candidates appearing in this exam increased a lot. Therefore, the speed of printing books also increased.
❇️ So was the printing done only for students :-
🔹By the seventeenth century, due to the growth of urban environment in China, printing started being used for many purposes. Now printing was not limited only to intellectuals or officials.
🔹Now businessmen also started using printing in everyday life so that it becomes easier to maintain data related to business.
🔹 Stories, poems, biographies, autobiographies, plays etc. also started getting printed. This helped fulfill the hobbies of people who were fond of reading.
🔹 Reading in free time had become a fashion. Rich women also started liking reading and many of them even got their poems and stories published.
❇️How did printing come to Japan :-
🔹Print technology was brought to Japan by Buddhist preachers around 768 to 770 AD.
🔹The Buddhist book Diamond Sutra; which was printed in 868 AD; is considered to be the oldest book in the Japanese language.
🔹At that time, libraries and book shops were full of hand-printed books and other materials.
🔹Books were available on many subjects; such as those on women, musical instruments, accounting, tea rituals, floristry, etiquette and cookery, etc.
❇️ Arrival of printing in Europe :-
Chinese paper reached Europe in the eleventh century via the Silk Route.
In 1925 Marco Polo went to Italy with knowledge of printing from China.
To meet the growing demand for books, booksellers now began to employ calligraphers or scribes.
It was impossible to meet the huge demand for books through handwritten manuscripts.
❇️ Gutenberg's Printing Press :-
🔹 Johann Gutenberg's father was a merchant and he grew up on a large agricultural estate. He had been watching oil and olive pressing machines since childhood. Later he learned the art of polishing stones, then goldsmithery and finally he mastered the art of shaping glass into desired shapes.
🔹 He used his knowledge and experience in his new invention. The olive press became the model for the printing press and molds were used to cast metal shapes of letters.
🔹 Gutenberg completed his machine by 1448 and the first book printed from it was the Bible.
🔹 In the beginning, printed books were similar to handwritten books in their appearance and decoration. Between 1440 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
❇️ Platan :-
🔹 In letterpress printing, the platen is a board, which is pressed behind the paper to get the type impression. Earlier this board was made of wood, later it started being made of steel.
❇️ Printing Revolution and its impact :-
- With the advent of the printing press a new class of readers was born.
- The cost and labour involved in printing was reduced.
- The price of books fell due to printing.
- The market was flooded with books, and the number of readers also grew larger.
- Due to the printing revolution, the public which was earlier a listener has now turned into a reader.
- Now books had reached wider sections of society.
❇️ Religious controversy and fear of print :-
Many people feared that if printing was not controlled, rebellious and irreligious ideas would flourish.
Religious reformer Martin Luther King described the evil practices of the Catholic Church through his writings.
Luther's translation of the Testament led to division in the church and the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Roman Church started the Inquisition to reform those who opposed religion.
In 1558 the Roman Church published a list of banned books.
❇️ Passion for reading :-
🔹 The level of literacy in Europe improved significantly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the end of the eighteenth century, the literacy level in some parts of Europe had reached 60 to 80 percent.
🔹 Magazines, novels, almanacs, etc. were the best-selling books.
🔹 Due to printing, new ideas and new discoveries of scientists and logicians could easily reach the common people. Any new idea could now be shared with more and more people and there could be better debate on it.
❇️ Printing Culture and French Revolution :-
🔹Many historians believe that print culture created an environment that led to the French Revolution. Some of these reasons are as follows:-
- With the help of print media, his writings criticised tradition, atheism, and absolutism.
- Emphasis was laid on the rule of conscience instead of customs and traditions.
- Attack on the religious power of the Church and the autocratic power of the state.
- Printing gave birth to a new culture of debate.
❇️ Nineteenth century :-
🔹 There was a tremendous increase in literacy in Europe in the nineteenth century. This gave rise to a new class of readers which included children, women and laborers.
🔹 Keeping in mind the tender age and immature mind of children, separate books started being written for them. Many folktales were changed so that children could understand them easily.
🔹Many women became writers along with readers and this increased their importance further.
🔹 Libraries that rented out books came into vogue in the seventeenth century itself. Now white collar workers, artisans and people from the lower class also started visiting such libraries.
❇️ Other improvements in print technology :-
🔹Richard M. Hoe of New York had created a power-driven cylindrical press by the middle of the nineteenth century. This press could print 8,000 pages in an hour.
🔹 Offset printing was developed at the end of the nineteenth century. Offset printing allowed printing in six colors at once.
🔹With the advent of the twentieth century, electric presses also started being used. This accelerated the printing process.
🔹 Apart from this, there were many other improvements in the technology of printing. The collective essence of all the improvements was that the form of the printed material changed.
❇️ New ways to sell books :-
🔹 In the nineteenth century, novels were published in the form of serials in many magazines. This could encourage readers to buy the next issue of that magazine.
🔹 In the 1920s, popular literature in England was sold at cheap rates under the name of Shilling Series.
🔹The practice of binding books started in the twentieth century.
🔹 To overcome the impact of the Great Depression of the 1930s, a paperback edition was introduced, which was cheaper.
❇️ Printing World of India :-
🔹India had an old and rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various regional languages.
🔹 Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper and were bound in covers or tablets to increase their life.
🔹 In the pre-colonial period, Bengal had a large network of primary schools in rural areas, but students generally did not read books.
🔹 The Guru used to narrate books from his memory, and the students used to write them down. In this way many people became literate without reading any book.
❇️ Manuscripts :-
- Books written by hand are called manuscripts.
❇️Limitations of their use :-
The increasing demand for books was not going to be met by manuscripts.
Copying is very costly, takes a lot of time and the demand cannot be met.
These were very delicate. It was difficult to maintain and transport them.
Because of the above problems their communication was difficult.
❇️ Arrival of printing culture in India :-
The printing press first came to Goa, India in the sixteenth century with Portuguese missionaries.
By 1674 AD, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kannada languages.
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in Cochin in 1579 and the first Malayalam book in 1713.
James Augustus Hickey started editing a weekly magazine called Bengal Gazette from 1780.
Gangadhar Bhattacharya started the publication of Bengal Gazette.
Bengal Gazette was the first Indian newspaper; which was started by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
❇️ Religious reforms and public debates :-
🔹Print culture helped start debates on religious, social and political issues in India. People began to criticize the practice of many religious customs.
🔹 From 1821, Ram Mohan Roy started publishing Sambad Kaumudi. This magazine criticized the orthodox views of Hinduism. To counter such criticism, Hindu orthodoxists started publishing a magazine called Samachar Chandrika.
🔹 In 1810, Ramcharitmanas written by Tulsidas was printed in Calcutta. From the 1880s, Naval Kishore Press of Lucknow and Sri Venkateswara Press of Bombay started printing religious texts in commonly spoken languages.
🔹 In this way, religious texts became accessible to the common people due to print. This started setting the framework for new political debates. Due to print, news from one part of India started reaching people of other parts. This also brought people closer to each other.
❇️How did Muslims take the printing culture :-
🔹 In 1822, two newspapers were started in Persian, namely Jam-e-Jahan-Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper was also started, named Bombay Samachar.
🔹Ulema of northern India started printing Urdu and Persian translations of religious texts using cheap lithography presses. They also published religious newspapers and handbooks.
🔹 Deoband Seminary was established in 1867. This seminary started printing thousands of fatwas regarding the right conduct and thoughts in the life of a Muslim.
❇️ New forms of publication :-
🔹 In the beginning, people of India got to read only the novels of European writers. Those novels were written in the European environment. Therefore, people here were not able to relate to those novels.
🔹 Later, writers writing on the Indian environment also emerged. Readers could relate themselves better to the characters and emotions of such novels. New genres of writing also started emerging; such as songs, short stories, essays on political and social issues, etc.
🔹 By the end of the nineteenth century, a new kind of visual culture was also taking shape. Many printing presses also started printing large numbers of copies of paintings. The works of painters like Raja Ravi Varma were now being printed for the public.
🔹 By 1870, cartoons also started appearing in magazines and newspapers. Such cartoons used to satirize the social and political issues of the time.
❇️ Print and Women :-
🔹The definition of the new woman emerged from the writings of Jane Austen, the Brant sisters, George Eliot, etc.: one who had a strong personality, who had deep insight, and who had her own mind and willpower.
🔹Women's lives and their feelings began to be written about with great clarity and depth. Therefore, women in middle-class households also became more educated than before.
- In 1876 Rashsundari Devi's autobiography Amar Jiban was published.
- In 1880, Tarabai Shinde and Pandit Ramabai expressed anger over the miserable condition of upper caste women.
- Ram Chaddha wrote her best-selling work Stree Dharma Vichar with the aim of teaching women to be obedient wives.
- 1871 Jyotirao Phule wrote on the atrocities of the caste system in his book Gulamgiri.
❇️Print and poor people :-
🔹 Cheap and small books had arrived in the cities of Madras in the nineteenth century. These books were sold at crossroads so that even poor people could buy them.
🔹 Public libraries started being established from the beginning of the twentieth century. Due to these libraries, access to books started increasing for the people. Many rich people started building libraries so that their reputation could increase in their area.
🔹 Kanpur mill worker Kashibaba tried to explain the relationship between caste and class exploitation by writing and publishing 'The question of small and big' in 1938.
❇️Print and Restrictions :-
🔹 Until 1798, the colonial rulers were not very serious about censorship. Whatever little controls were imposed in the beginning were imposed on those British living in India who criticized the company's misrule.
🔹After the revolt of 1857, the attitude of the British government towards freedom of the press started changing. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.
🔹This law gave the government immense power to censor news and editorials in the vernacular press.
🔹If a seditious report was published, the newspaper was warned. If that warning had no effect, then there was a possibility that the press would be closed and the printing machines would be confiscated.
