UncategoriesClass 10th History Chapter - 3 || The Making of A Globalized World Notes in English
Class 10th History Chapter - 3 || The Making of A Globalized World Notes in English
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By Amresh Academy
Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Notes in English
📚 Chapter = 3 📚 💠 Creation of a Globalized World 💠
Note :- This chapter is based on globalization.
💠 Before the Modern Era 💠
❇️ Globalization :-
🔹Globalization is an economic system and the transfer of people, goods and jobs from one country to another is called globalization.
🔹To understand the creation of the global world we need to understand the history of trade, migration and the movement of people in search of work and the movement of capitals.
❇️ Globalization :-
🔹 The integration of economic, cultural, political, religious and social systems around the world. This means that goods and services, capital and labour are traded around the world, information and research results flow easily between countries.
❇️ Ancient times :-
Travelers, traders, priests, and pilgrims traveled vast distances for life, opportunity, and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
They took with them goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.
3000 BCE, an active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.
The Silk Road connected China to the West.
The food traveled from America to Europe and Asia.
Noodles traveled from China to Italy to become spaghetti.
European conquerors carried smallpox germs to the Americas. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent.
❇️ Silk Route :-
🔹 The Silk Route was a historical trade route that stretched from Asia to the Mediterranean from the 2nd century BC to the 14th century AD, connecting China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greece and Italy. It was called the Silk Route because of the huge silk trade that took place during that period.
🔹 Silk Route: - These routes connected Asia to Europe and North Africa as well as the world through land and sea routes.
❇️ Features of the Silk Route :-
Chinese utensils used to go to other countries through this Silk Route.
Similarly, gold and silver came from Europe to Asia through this Silk Route.
It was through the Silk Route that Christianity, Islam and Buddhism reached different parts of the world.
The Silk Roads were considered the most important routes connecting the farthest parts of the world.
The Silk Routes existed even before the Christian era and flourished until the 15th century.
The route proved to be a major source of trade and cultural interactions between different parts of the world.
❇️ Food Journey (Spaghetti and Potatoes) :-
🔶 Spaghetti :-
🔹 Noodles are a gift from China which spread to other parts of the world from there. In India, we have been using its indigenous version Sevi for years. The Italian version of this noodle is Spaghetti.
🔹Many common food items of today; such as potatoes, chili tomatoes, corn, soy, peanuts and sweet potatoes were introduced to Europe when Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the American continents.
🔶 Potato :-
🔹 The arrival of potatoes brought huge changes in the lives of the people of Europe. Only after the arrival of potatoes, the people of Europe were able to eat better food and live longer.
🔹 The farmers of Ireland had become so dependent on potatoes that in the mid-1840s, when the potato crop was destroyed by a disease, several lakh people died of hunger. That famine is known as the Irish Famine.
❇️ Victory, illness and business :-
🔶 Discovery of America and bringing precious metals: -
🔹 In the sixteenth century, European sailors discovered the sea route to the countries of Asia and America. The discovery of the new sea route not only helped in expanding trade but also laid the foundation for Europe's conquest of other parts of the world.
🔹 America had huge reserves of minerals and grains were also abundant in this continent. America's grains and minerals completely changed the lives of people in other parts of the world.
🔶 Use of smallpox germs by the conquerors (for victory)
🔹 By the middle of the sixteenth century, significant beginnings had been made to American colonies by Portugal and Spain. But this victory of the Europeans was possible not due to any weapon but due to a disease. The people of Europe had already been attacked by smallpox, so they had developed immunity against this disease.
🔹 But America was isolated from other parts of the world till then, so the Americans did not have the immunity to fight this disease. When the Europeans reached there, they also carried smallpox bacteria with them. The result was that smallpox wiped out the entire population of some parts of America. In this way the Europeans were able to easily conquer America.
🔶 Problems in Europe :-
🔹 Till the nineteenth century, there were many problems in Europe; like poverty, disease and religious conflict. Many people who spoke against religion fled to America for fear of punishment. They made full use of the opportunities available in America and this led to their great progress.
🔶 India and China till the eighteenth century :-
🔹 India and China were the richest countries in the world until the eighteenth century. But from the fifteenth century itself, China began to restrict external contact and became isolated from the rest of the world. Due to the declining influence of China and the growing influence of America, the center of world trade was shifting towards Europe.
💠 Nineteenth Century (1815-1914) 💠
❇️ Nineteenth century :-
🔹The world was changing rapidly in the nineteenth century. During this period, major complex changes took place in the fields of social, political, economic and technology. Due to those changes, there were unprecedented changes in the equation of relations between different countries.
🔹 Economists believe that there are three types of economic exchanges, which are as follows:-
🔶 First flow:- Trade mainly of commodities like cloth or wheat.
🔶 Flow of Labour: Movement of people from one place to another in search of work or employment.
🔶 Flow of Capital: – Investment in far-flung areas for short or long term.
❇️ Rise of World Economy :-
🔹Let us look at the UK economy to understand these three.
🔹There was "Corn Law" in Britain till the last decade of the 18th century.
🔶 Corn Law: - Corn Law was the law by which the government banned the import of corn.
🔹 After some days, the population in Britain increased a lot, as the population increased, the demand for food increased.
🔹As the demand for food increased, agriculture based goods also increased.
🔹Before famine struck Britain, the government abolished the Corn Laws.
🔹Through which traders from different countries exported food to Britain.
🔹There was a change in the food shortage and development started taking place.
❇️ At the time of Corn Law :-
Increased demand for food
Population grew
Food prices increased
❇️ After removing the Corn Law :-
Increase in business
acceleration of growth
excess food reserves
❇️ Contribution of technology :-
🔹 During this period, technology played an important role in the globalization of the world economy. Some of the main technological discoveries of this era are railways, steam ships and telegraph.
Railways linked the ports and the hinterland.
Steam ships made it easier to transport large quantities of goods across the Atlantic.
With the help of telegraph the communication system became faster and economic transactions started happening better.
❇️ Colonialism in the late nineteenth century :-
🔹On one hand, the expansion of trade improved the lives of the people of Europe, while on the other hand it had a bad effect on the people of the colonies.
🔹 When you look closely at the modern map of Africa, you will find that the boundaries of most countries are in straight lines. It seems as if a student has drawn straight lines.
🔹 In 1885, the major powers of Europe met in Berlin and divided the African continent among themselves. In this way, the boundaries of most of the African countries were formed in straight lines.
❇️ Rinderpest or Cattle Plague :-
🔶 Rinderpest: - Rinderpest was a cattle disease that spread like plague. That disease spread rapidly in Africa in the 1890s.
🔶 Rinderpest outbreak :-
🔹 Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. The disease came with horses that were brought from British Asia to help Italian troops who were invading Eritrea in East Africa.
🔹 Rinderpest spread like wildfire throughout Africa. By 1892, the disease had reached the west coast of Africa. During this time, rinderpest wiped out 90% of Africa's cattle population.
🔹 For Africans, loss of cattle meant a threat to their livelihood. Now they had no other option but to work as laborers in mines and plantations. In this way, a cattle disease helped the Europeans to expand their colonies in Africa.
❇️ Departure of contract workers from India :-
🔶 Bonded Labourers:- Workers who are committed to work for a particular owner for a specific period of time are called bonded labourers.
🔹 Many poor people from the drought-prone areas of modern Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India and Tamil Nadu became bonded laborers. These people were sent mainly to the Caribbean Islands, Mauritius and Fiji. Many were also sent to Ceylon and Malaya. In India, many bonded laborers were also employed in the tea plantations of Assam.
🔹 Agents often made false promises and these workers did not even know where they were going. The situation in the new place used to be very frightening for these workers. They had no legal rights and had to work in difficult conditions.
🔹 From the 1900s, the nationalists of India began to oppose the system of bonded labour. This system was abolished in 1921.
❇️ Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad :-
🔹 Shikaripuri Shroff and Nattukottai Chettiar were among the famous bankers and businessmen of India. They invested in agricultural exports to South and Central Asia. They had their own sophisticated system for sending money within India and to different parts of the world.
🔹 Indian businessmen and moneylenders had also reached Africa with the colonial rulers. Sindhi businessmen of Hyderabad had even surpassed the European colonies. By the 1860s, they had also created thriving emporiums in important ports all over the world.
❇️ Indian trade, colonies and global system :-
🔹 Fine cotton clothes from India were exported to Europe for years. But after industrialization, local producers forced the British government to ban cotton clothes coming from India.
🔹 Due to this, clothes made in Britain started coming in large quantities to the Indian markets. In 1800, 30% of India's exports were of cotton clothes. In 1815, it fell to 15% and by 1870 it remained only 3%. But from 1812 to 1871, the export of raw cotton increased from 5% to 35%. During this period, there was a rapid increase in indigo among the exported goods. The most exported item from India was opium which mainly went to China.
🔹 The export of raw materials and grains from India to Britain started increasing and the import of finished goods from Britain started increasing. This led to a situation when the trade surplus became in Britain's favor. In this way the balance of payment was in Britain's favor. Britain used the income from the Indian market to look after other colonies and to pay 'Home Charge' to its officers living in India. The repayment of India's external debt and the pension expenses of retired British officers (who were in India) also came under Home Charge.
💠 Economy Between the World Wars 💠
The First World War was fought primarily in Europe.
During this time, the world experienced economic, political instability and another miserable war.
The First World War was fought between two groups. On one side were the Allies - Britain, France, Russia and later joined by the US. And on the opposite side - Germany, Austria, Hungary and the Ottomans and Turkey.
This war lasted for 4 years.
❇️ Wartime Conversion :-
🔹 The First World War shook the whole world in many ways. About 90 lakh people were killed and 2 crore people were injured.
🔹 Most of the people who died or became disabled were of the age when a man produces economic goods. This caused a huge shortage of able-bodied workers in Europe. Due to the reduction in the number of earners in families, the income of people decreased throughout Europe.
🔹 Most men were forced to join the war, so women started working in factories. The work that was traditionally considered men's work was now being done by women.
🔹 After this war, relations between many major economic powers of the world broke down. Britain had to take loans from America to meet the expenses of the war. This war turned America from an international debtor to an international creditor. Now the American government and its citizens had more property abroad than the property of foreign governments and people in America.
❇️ Post-war reforms :-
🔹When Britain was busy in the war, industry developed in Japan and India. After the war, Britain started having trouble in establishing its old dominance. Also, Britain was unable to compete with Japan at the international level. After the war, Britain had a huge debt to America.
🔹 During the war, there was a surge in demand for things in Britain, due to which the economy there was flourishing. But after the war ended, the demand fell. After the war, 20% of the workers in Britain lost their jobs.
🔹 Before the war, Eastern Europe was the main exporter of wheat. But during the war, due to Eastern Europe's involvement in the war, Canada, America and Australia emerged as the main exporters of wheat. As soon as the war ended, Eastern Europe started supplying wheat again. Due to this, there was a large consignment of wheat in the market and prices fell drastically. This caused devastation in the rural economy. v
❇️ Beginning of mass production and consumption :-
🔹 The US economy began to recover rapidly from the post-war shocks. In the 1920s, mass production became the main identity of the US economy. Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor, is considered the father of mass production. Production capacity increased and prices decreased by mass production. American workers began to earn better, so they had more money to spend. This increased the demand for various products rapidly.
🔹 Car production increased from 20 lakh in 1919 to 50 lakh in 1929. Similarly, the demand for consumer goods like refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophones, etc. also started increasing rapidly. There was a huge increase in the demand for houses in America. This demand got further boosted due to the facility of loans on easy installments.
🔹 In this way the American economy prospered. In 1923 America started exporting capital to other parts of the world and became the largest foreign lender. This also gave the European economy a chance to improve and the trade of the whole world continued to show growth for the next six years.
❇️ Great Depression :-
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until the mid-30s. During this period, a huge decline was recorded in production, employment, income and trade in most parts of the world.
The post-war economy had become very weak. As prices fell, farmers' income began to decline and to increase their income, farmers began to produce more.
Many countries took loans from America.
Fearing recession, American industrialists stopped giving loans to European countries.
Thousands of banks went bankrupt.
❇️ India and the Great Depression :-
Between 1928 and 1934, the country's import and export decreased by half.
Due to falling prices in the international market, the price of wheat in India fell by 50 percent.
Farmers and cultivators suffered greater losses.
The Great Depression was also harmful for the urban population and the economy.
In 1931, the depression was at its peak due to which rural India was going through a period of discontent and turmoil.
💠 Reconstruction of the World Economy: Post-War Period 💠
❇️ Post-war agreements :-
🔹 The Second World War was completely different from the earlier wars. In this war, a large number of civilians were killed and many important cities were badly destroyed. The improvement in the situation after the Second World War was mainly affected by two things.
The rise of America as a powerful economic, political and strategic power in the West.
The transformation of the Soviet Union from an agrarian economy to a world power.
🔹 A meeting of world leaders was held to discuss possible post-war reforms. They paid more attention to two things which are given below.
To maintain economic balance and ensure full employment in industrial countries.
Controlling the influence of the outside world on the flow of capital, goods and workers.
❇️ Bretton - Woods Agreement :-
In 1944, an agreement was reached at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at a place called Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were established.
The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates.
❇️ New International Economic Order – NIEO
Most developing countries did not benefit from the rapid growth of Western economies in the 1950s and 60s.
They organised themselves as a group called the Group of 77 or G-77 to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
It was a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fair prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods to the markets of developed countries.
❇️ New Economic Policy in China :-
In countries like China, wages were very low.
The low-cost structure of the Chinese economy made its products cheaper.
China became a preferred investment destination for multinational companies.
China's new economic policy returned it to the bottom of the world economy.
❇️ Multinational Companies :-
Multinational corporations are large companies that operate in multiple countries at the same time.
The worldwide proliferation of MNCs was a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s as American business expanded around the world.
High import duties imposed by various governments forced multinational companies to locate their manufacturing units.
❇️ Veto :-
🔹 Constitutional right to reject a proposal made by a law or body.
❇️ Tariff :-
🔹 A tax imposed by one country on imports or exports of goods from another country. The duty is levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or airport.
❇️ Exchange Rates :-
🔹They link national currencies for the purposes of international trade. There are broadly two types of exchange rates: fixed exchange rates and floating exchange rates.
❇️ Conclusion :-
🔹Over the past two decades, the world economy has changed greatly as countries such as China, India and Brazil have achieved rapid economic growth.
