UncategoriesClass 10th History Chapter - 2 || Nationalism in India Notes in English
Class 10th History Chapter - 2 || Nationalism in India Notes in English
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By Amresh Academy
Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Notes in English
๐ Chapter = 2 ๐ ๐ Nationalism in India ๐
❇️ Nationalism in India (at a glance according to time) :-
The first war of independence took place in 1857 .
1870 Vande Mataram was composed by Bankim Chandra.
Congress was established in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1885. Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee became the first president of the Congress.
Lord Curzon proposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 .
Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata in 1905 .
In 1906, Aga Khan and Nawab Salimullah founded the Muslim League.
In 1907 the Congress was divided into Moderate Group and Extremist Group.
Delhi Durbar was organized in 1911. Bengal partition was cancelled in Delhi Durbar. Capital was shifted from Kolkata to Delhi in Delhi Durbar.
The First World War began in 1914 .
Mahatma Gandhi's return to the country in 1915 .
In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi led a movement in Champaran against indigo agriculture.
In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi conducted Satyagraha for the farmers of Kheda district of Gujarat.
In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi led a Satyagraha for the cotton textile mill workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
The First World War ended in 1918 .
The British government rejected the Indians' demand for self-rule.
In 1919 , the British government imposed a black law like the Rowlatt Act on Indians.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13 April 1919 .
The Khilafat Movement was started in 1919 by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
Mahatma Gandhi started the non-cooperation movement.
It happened in Chauri Chaura in 1922. After the violent incident, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement.
On 9 August 1925, revolutionaries looted the train carrying British treasury at Kakori.
In 1928, Simon Commission came to India, while protesting against which Lala Lajpat Rai died.
On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb at the Assembly
On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started the Dandi March from Sabarmati.
On reaching Dandi on 6 April 1930, Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law and started the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In 1930 , Dr. Ambedkar organised the Scheduled Castes into the Depressed Classes Association.
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931 .
1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact and Civil Disobedience Movement were withdrawn.
In 1931 , Mahatma Gandhi participated in the Second Round Table Conference. But he did not get the desired success there.
In 1932, the Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar.
In 1933 Chaudhary Rahmat Ali first put forward the idea of Pakistan.
In 1935, the Government of India Act was passed and a provincial government was formed.
World War II began in 1939 .
In the Lahore session of the Muslim League in 1940 , a resolution demanding Pakistan was passed.
In 1942, the Quit India Movement was started and Gandhiji gave the slogan of Do or Die.
In 1945 , America attacked Japan with nuclear weapons and the Second World War ended.
In 1946 the Cabinet Mission came to India with the proposal of Constituent Assembly.
India became independent on 15 August 1947 .
❇️ Meaning of Nationalism :-
๐น The feeling of love for one's nation, the feeling of unity and a common consciousness is called nationalism. These people share the same historical, political and cultural heritage. Sometimes people may belong to different linguistic groups (like India) but love for the nation binds them together.
In Europe: - It is associated with the rise of nation states.
In colonies like India, Vietnam: - It is associated with anti-colonial movement.
❇️ Factors for the growth of the feeling of nationalism in India :-
Spread of nationalism through literature, folk tales, songs and paintings.
The image of Mother India started taking shape.
National Identity through Folk Tales.
Awareness of signs and symbols. Example: Flag.
Reinterpreting History.
๐ First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation ๐
❇️ Impact of the First World War on India and the post-war situation :-
Defence related expenditure had increased due to the war.
To accomplish this, loans were taken and taxes were increased.
To raise additional revenue, custom duty and income tax had to be increased.
Prices of things increased during the war years.
Prices doubled between 1913 and 1918.
The common man faced a lot of trouble due to the increase in prices.
There was also a lot of anger among the people due to forced recruitment of people from rural areas into the army.
There was food shortage in many parts of India due to poor harvest.
The flu epidemic further aggravated the problem.
According to the 1921 census, 12 million to 13 million people died due to famine and epidemics.
The idea of Satyagraha
❇️ Meaning of Satyagraha :-
๐นThis was a way to carry out a new kind of mass movement based on truth and non-violence.
❇️ Meaning of Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha :-
๐นSatyagraha emphasized on truth.
๐น Gandhiji believed that if someone is fighting for the right cause, then he does not need strength to fight the oppressor. A Satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence.
❇️Start of Satyagraha in India by Mahatma Gandhi :-
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915.
Gandhiji's novel method of mass movement is known as 'Satyagraha'.
In India, the indigo farmers were first inspired in Champaran (Bihar) in 1917 to protest against the oppressive plantation system.
In 1917, Kheda supported the farmers of Gujarat in their struggle for tax exemption. Due to crop failure and plague epidemic, the farmers were not in a position to pay the rent.
In 1918, he led a Satyagraha movement in support of workers working in a textile factory in Ahmedabad (Gujarat).
❇️Rowlatt Act 1919 :-
๐ถ Main provision of Rowlatt Act :-
๐นProvision to keep political prisoners in jail for two years without trial.
๐ถ Objective of the Rowlatt Act :-
๐นTo suppress political activities in India.
๐ถ Why was the Rowlatt Act unjust:-
Attacked the civil liberties of Indians.
It was passed without the consent of the Indian members.
๐ถ Results of Rowlatt Act :-
An all-India strike was organised on 6 April under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
Rallies and processions were held in various cities.
There was a strike of workers in the railway workshops.
The shops were closed.
Local leaders were taken into custody.
There were attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
❇️Rowlatt Act 1919 (in detail) :-
๐นThe Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support it, but it was passed nevertheless.
๐นThis Act gave the government unlimited power to suppress political activities. Under this, political prisoners could be imprisoned for two years without trial.
๐นOn 6 April 1919, Gandhiji started a nationwide movement against the Rowlatt Act. The call for strike received huge support. People came out in support of it in different cities, shops were closed and workers of railway factories went on strike.
๐นThe British government decided to take tough action against the nationalists. Many local leaders were imprisoned. Mahatma Gandhi was prevented from entering Delhi.
❇️ Jallianwala Bagh massacre incident :-
๐นOn 10 April 1919, the police opened fire on peaceful protesters in Amritsar. Due to this, people attacked government institutions at various places. Martial law was imposed in Amritsar and its command was handed over to General Dyer.
๐นThe tragic massacre of Jallianwala Bagh took place on 13 April, the day when Baisakhi was being celebrated in Punjab. A group of villagers had come to attend a fair held at Jallianwala Bagh. The garden was closed from all sides and the exit routes were narrow.
๐นGeneral Dyer closed the exit routes and opened fire on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed in this incident. The attitude of the government was very cruel. This spread violence everywhere. Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the movement because he did not want violence.
❇️Effect of Jallianwala Bagh massacre :-
People took to the streets in many cities of India.
Strikes began, people began confronting the police and attacking government buildings.
The government adopted a ruthless attitude and humiliated and terrorised the people.
The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the roads and salute all the 'Sahibs' (British).
People were flogged and villages of Gujranwala (Punjab) were bombed.
Note:- Seeing violence spreading, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
❇️ Need to expand the movement :-
๐นThe Rowlatt Satyagraha was mainly limited to cities. Mahatma Gandhi felt that the movement should expand in India. He believed that this could happen only when Hindus and Muslims come on one platform.
❇️ Issue of Khilafat :-
๐นThe word Khilafat is derived from 'Caliph' who was the emperor of Ottoman Turkey as well as the spiritual leader of the Islamic world.
๐น Turkey was defeated in the First World War and rumours spread that a humiliating treaty would be imposed on Turkey. Therefore, to protect the immediate powers of the Caliph, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay by the Ali brothers in March 1919.
❇️ Why did Mahatma Gandhi raise the issue of Khilafat :-
๐นAfter the failure of the Rowlatt Satyagraha, Mahatma Gandhi wanted to create a movement with a larger mass base all over India.
๐นHe believed that such an all-India movement could not be launched without bringing Hindus and Muslims closer to each other, so he raised the issue of Khilafat.
❇️ Hind Swaraj :-
๐นFamous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation with the British rule in India.
๐ Non-cooperation movement ๐
❇️ Why non-cooperation?
๐น In his famous book Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi wrote that the British rule was established in India because Indians cooperated with them and due to that cooperation the British continued to rule. If Indians stop cooperating, the British rule will collapse within a year and Swaraj will come. Gandhiji believed that if Indians stop cooperating, the British will have no other option but to leave India.
❇️ Reasons for Non-Cooperation Movement :-
Exploitation of the Indian people by the British at the end of the First World War.
The British refused to grant Swaraj.
Passing of the Rowlatt Act.
Jalianwala Bagh massacre.
In 1920, in the Calcutta session, the Congress passed the proposal for non-cooperation movement by majority.
❇️ Some proposals of the non-cooperation movement :-
Returning the titles conferred by the British Government.
Boycott of civil service, army, police, courts, legislative council and schools.
Boycott of foreign goods.
If the government does not desist from its repressive policies, then launch a complete disobedience movement.
❇️ Congress session related to non-cooperation movement :-
September 1920:- Non-cooperation accepted by other leaders.
December 1920:- Seal of approval and consent to its commencement.
❇️ Different streams within the movement :-
๐นNon-cooperation – Khilafat movement started in January 1921.
๐น Various social groups took part in the movement but each class had its own aspirations.
๐นThe meaning of 'swaraj' was different for everyone.
๐นEvery social group participating in the movement took 'Swaraj' to mean an era in which all their sufferings and troubles would end.
❇️ Slowing down of non-cooperation movement in cities :-
๐น Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
๐น There were no alternative Indian institutions that could be used to replace the British ones. These were slow to come up.
๐นSo students and teachers started returning to government schools and lawyers joined work in government courts.
❇️ End of Non-Cooperation Movement :-
๐นIn February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the movement because a violent incident took place in Chauri Chaura.
❇️ Chauri Chaura incident :-
๐น In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch the No Tax Movement. Without any provocation, the police opened fire on the people participating in the demonstration. The people became violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set it on fire. This incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
Towards the civil disobedience movement
❇️ Civil Disobedience Movement :-
๐น By the end of 1921, the movement had started turning violent in many places. In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement. Some Congress leaders were also tired of the mass movement and wanted to participate in the elections of the State Council. The State Councils were formed under the Government of India Act 1919. Many leaders believed that it was also important to oppose the British policies by becoming a part of the system.
๐น There was a difference of opinion among the Congress leaders regarding participation in the provincial council elections. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the 'Swaraj Party' (January 1923) to participate in the provincial council elections. Due to the global economic depression, the prices of agricultural produce fell drastically. There was a lot of unrest in the rural areas.
❇️ Simon Commission :-
๐น Simon Commission was formed in Britain in 1927 to study the working of the constitutional system in India. Simon Commission's visit to India in 1928 - there were protests all over India. Congress opposed this commission because not a single Indian was included in it. In December 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress was held under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The resolution of complete independence was passed in it. 26 January 1930 was declared Independence Day and people were called upon to struggle for complete independence.
❇️ Salt March and Non-Cooperation Movement (1930) :-
In January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi placed his 11 demands before Lord Irwin.
These demands were related to various sections ranging from industrialists to farmers.
The most important demand among these was to abolish the salt tax.
Lord Irwin was not ready to accept any of these demands.
Salt March started by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930.
Violation of the Salt Law by making salt on 6 April 1930; this incident was the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
❇️ Features of Gandhi Irwin Pact :-
Gandhi Irwin Pact on 5 May 1931.
The civil disobedience movement should be postponed.
There should be an impartial investigation into the atrocities committed by the police.
All taxes imposed on salt should be removed.
❇️Who participated in the movement?
๐น The Civil Disobedience Movement was implemented in different parts of the country. Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement with his followers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
๐น In the countryside, the wealthy Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. Since the wealthy communities were greatly affected by business depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
๐น Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance by refusing to buy and sell imported goods.
๐นThe industrial working class of the Nagpur region also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway employees, dock workers, Chhota Nagpur miners, etc. took part in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
❇️ Main events of Civil Disobedience Movement :-
Violation of salt law in different parts of the country.
Boycott of foreign goods.
Picketing of liquor shops.
Violation of forest laws.
❇️ Reaction of the British Government in the Civil Disobedience Movement :-
Congress leaders were taken into custody.
ruthless suppression
Attack on peaceful satyagrahis.
Beating of women and children.
Nearly 100,000 arrested
❇️ People and colonial government reacted to the Civil Disobedience Movement:-
People started breaking the government laws.
The government took strict action to suppress the movement.
Thousands went to jail.
Gandhiji was imprisoned.
Now people started participating in it with great enthusiasm.
❇️ Features of Civil Disobedience Movement :-
This time people were called upon not only to not cooperate with the British but also to violate colonial laws.
Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke the salt law and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
Foreign goods started being boycotted.
The farmers refused to pay rent and the watchmen refused to pay taxes.
People living in the forests started violating forest laws.
❇️Role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement :-
Women participated in Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha in large numbers.
Thousands of women would come out of their homes during the journey to listen to him.
They participated in processions, made salt, and picketed shops selling foreign clothes and liquor.
Many women also went to jail.
Women in rural areas considered serving the nation as their sacred duty.
❇️ How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement :-
๐นThe target in the non-cooperation movement was 'swaraj' but this time the demand was for 'purna swaraj'.
๐นNon-cooperation did not involve violation of law whereas this movement involved breaking the law.
❇️Limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement :-
There was no participation of the Scheduled Castes because Congress had been ignoring their interests for a long time.
There was no great enthusiasm among Muslim organisations for civil disobedience as from the mid-1920s the Congress had begun to get closer to Hindu religious organisations like the Hindu Mahasabha.
An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust prevailed between the two communities.
❇️ Provisions of the Poona Pact of 1932 :-
๐นThis gave the depressed classes (later known as Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative councils, although voting for them took place in general constituencies only.
❇️ Sense of collective belonging :-
๐นThe factors that awakened the feeling of collective belongingness among the Indian people and united all the Indian people.
๐ถ Image and symbol: - The first image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra. This image helped in identifying the nation.
๐ถ Folk Tales: - Nationalists started collecting these folk tales by traveling around. These stories presented the true picture of traditional culture and helped in finding our national identity and creating a sense of pride in the past.
๐ถ Symbol: - Example Flag: - During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal in 1905, a tricolor (green, yellow, red) with 8 lotuses was first made. By 1921, Mahatma Gandhi had also prepared a white, green and red tricolor.
๐ถ Reinterpretation of History:- Many Indians started feeling that Indian history should be taught in a different way to instill a sense of pride towards the nation so that Indians can feel proud.
๐ถ Songs like Vande Mataram :- Bankim Chandra wrote this song in the 1870s. It was sung widely during Bengal's Swadeshi Movement as a praise of the motherland.
