Chapter - 1
" The Rise of Nationalism "
✳️ WHAT IS NATIONALISM :-
🔹 Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people think of themselves as a Nation.
🔹 During 19th & 20h centuries
Nationalism was a powerful force that could create:
🔹 One Nation from many separate countries
(Ex. Italy & Germany)
🔹 Break one nation up into many
countries
(Ex. Austria- Hungary
and Turkey)
✳️ EUROPEAN SOCIETY :-
✴️ THE UPPER CLASS :-
🔹 The landed aristocracy were the dominant group.
🔹 They had common interest and
lifestyle. Owned large country estates and town houses.
🔹 Most of them spoke French
✴️ LOWER CLASS :-
🔹 Majority of the people were
peasants.
🔹 Most were landless and worked as serfs.
✳️ French Revolution & The Idea of the Nation :-
🔹 French revolution started in
1789.
🔹 France was a full-fledged
territorial state in 1789 under rule of a monarch.
🔹 Political and constitutional
changes that came in wake of the French revolution led to the transfer of
sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens.
🔹 Various practices adopted to
develop a sense of collective identity among people.
🔹 Declaration of mission to
liberate Europe from despotism.
🔹Setting up of Jacobin clubs by
educated middle classes and students of Europe.
🔹 It also powered revolution in all
Europe.
✳️ THE IDEA OF THE NATIONALISM :-
🔹 Idea of La Patrice (the
fatherland) Le Citroen (the citizen was emphasized.
🔹 Adoption of new constitution with
citizens enjoying equal rights.
🔹 Adopted tri colour as new French
flag replacing royal standards.
🔹 New hymns were composed oaths
were taken & martyrs remembered in the name of nation.
🔹 Uniform system of weights &
measures were adopted.
🔹 Centralized administrative system
was formulized.
🔹 French become the national
language and regional dialects were discouraged.
🔹 Imaginary female allegories were
used to show united nation. Such as : Marianna & Germania
✳️ Napoleon (1769-1821) :-
🔹 Ruled France from 1799 to
1815.
🔹 Also known as Napoleon I, was a
French military leader and emperor.
🔹 Born on the island of
Corsica.
🔹 Napoleon rapidly rose through the
ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799).
🔹Assumed absolute powers in 1799
(coup d'état) by becoming the First Consul.
🔹 Crowned himself emperor in 1804
and gave Civil Code/Napoleonic Code.
🔹After a disastrous French invasion
of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne.
🔹 On June 18, at the Battle of Waterloo near Brussels, the French were crushed by the British, Austria, Russia and Prussia (BARP).
✳️ Napoleonic Civil Code :-
✴️ 1804 In the administrative field Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles usually known as the Napoleonic Code. It included following codes:
🔹 It did away with all privileges
based on birth .
🔹 It established equality before
the law .
🔹 It secured the right to property
.
🔹 It abolished the feudal
system
🔹 It freed peasants from serfdom
and manorial dues.
🔹 In the towns too, guild
restrictions were removed.
🔹 Transport and communication system were improved.
✳️ Napoleon faced mixed reactions later :-
🔹 Initially, the French armies were
welcomed as harbingers of liberty. Following steps of Napoleon turned him into
a tyrant from hero.
🔹 Increased taxation Censorship Forced
🔹 conscription
🔹 into the French armies
✳️ THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE :-
🔹 Till mid-18th century there was
no concept of "Nation State" in Europe.
🔹 Society and politics was
dominated aristocracy.
🔹 To the west, the land was farmed
by tenants and small owners, while in Easter and Central Europe by vast estates
which were cultivated by serfs.
🔹 Emergence of working and middle
classes due to industrialization in 19th cent.
🔹Educated, liberal middle classes popularized abolition of Aristocratic Privileges.
👉 Aristocracy
👉 Peasantry
✳️ Aristocracy :-
🔹Land owning class.
🔹 Numerically small, but dominated
Europe, both socially and politically
🔹 Spoke French which was considered
the language of the high society .
🔹 Families were connected through marriage.
✳️Peasantry :-
🔹 Tenants and small land owners who worked as serfs .
🔹 Cultivated the lands of the aristocratic lords.
✴️ The growth of trade and
industrial production facilitated the growth of towns and rise of a commercial
class of traders.
✴️ Consequently, conscious, the new liberal emerged and nationalism educated, middle class and of popularized stood for the abolition aristocracy.
✳️ Liberal Nationalism :-
🔹 Means : Individual freedom, Equality before law, Government by consent, Freedom of markets , Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
✴️ Liberal Nationalism
1. IN POLITICAL SPHERE
2. IN ECONOMIC SPHERE
✴️ IN POLITIÇAL SPHERE :-
🔹 Government by consent .
🔹 End of Autocracy .
🔹 Adoption of constitution .
🔹 Abolition of property
rights.
🔹 Equality before law .
🔹 Representative Government through Parliament .
✴️ IN ECONOMIC SPHERE :-
🔹 Freedom for market.
🔹 Removal of state-imposed
restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
🔹 In 1834, a customs union
Zollverein was formed
🔹The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
✳️ Conservatism :-
🔹 1. Stands for the preservation of the traditional institutions of state and society such as the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies and family along with the modern changes introduced by Napoleon. Conservatism as a political ideology arose after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo.
🔹2. The conservative regimes
👉 Were autocratic .
👉 Were intolerant to criticism and
dissent .
👉 Adopted the censorship of press
for curbing the liberal ideals .
👉 Discouraged any questions that challenged their legitimacy .
✳️ Congress of Vienna (1815) :-
🔹 For drawing a new settlement
for Europe and restoring the monarchies that were overthrown by Napoleon for
creation of a new conservative order. The salient features of the treaty were
as follows:
🔹 The Bourbon dynasty restored to
power in France. Louis XVIII was crowned king.
🔹 France was disposed of its
conquered territories.
🔹 Kingdom of Netherlands,
which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was set up in the
South for preventing French expansion in future.
🔹 Prussia was given new
territories, including a portion of Saxony.
🔹 Austria got control over Northern
Italy.
🔹 Russia got Poland.
🔹 Napoleon's confederation of 39
states was not changed .
🔹 Imposed censorship laws .
✳️ The Club of Thinkers :-
👉 This is an anonymous caricature dating to 1820s titled The Club of Thinkers'. Aa fictitious group of professors and scholars is shown in this famous cartoon. The cartoon depicts the suppression of freedom of expression.
🔹 1. The "club" is
representative of all the clubs and societies that emerged at that point.
🔹 2. The board on the right lists
the rules of the Club which says 'Silence is the first commandment
(instruction) of this learned society.
🔹 3. It clearly depicts that the
conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
🔹 4. Most of them imposed
censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs
that reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.
🔹 5. The eight professors on the caricature are muzzled to restrain themselves from speaking in case they feel tempted to speak or criticize the 1815 regime. So, the intellectuals are left only with their right of thought and prudently (cleverly) pose the question, how long they will still be allowed to think.
✳️ The Revolutionaries :-
🔹 Establishment of Secret
Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and oppose conservatism.
🔹 Mazzini viewed " Nation States" to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.
🔹 Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonian.
🔹 Later, he established two more Secret societies "Young Italy" in Marseilles, and then, "Young Europe" in Berne. 🔹 Conservative frightened by his move.
✳️ Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 -1872 ) :-
🔹 Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian
revolutionary.
🔹 He was born in Genoa, Italy in
1807.
🔹 His efforts helped bring
about the independent and unified Italy.
🔹 He was the member of the secret
society of the Carbonari.
🔹 He attempted a revolution in
Liguria in 1831 and was sent into exile.
🔹 He founded two underground
societies Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and Young Europe (1834) in
Berne.
🔹 Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
✳️ Division Age of Revolution :-
🔹 Age of Revolution-1830-1848 ( can be divided under three stages)
👉 The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling .
👉 Hunger, Hardship and Popular
Revolt .
👉 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals .
✳️ The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling :-🔹 Use of culture to create idea of a Nation.
🔹 Romantic artists and poets
generally criticized the glorification of reason and science.
🔹 Focused instead on emotions,
intuition and mystical feelings.
🔹 Used Art Poetry Stories &
Music to shape nationalists’ feelings.
🔹 Collected Folklores to spread
Nationalism even among illiterates.
🔹 Language also played a vital role for e.g. The use of Polish language in Poland came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
✳️ HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND REVOLT :-
🔹 The 1830s were years of great
economic hardship in Europe.
🔹 The first half of the nineteenth
century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
🔹 Large Scale rural migration to
cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced Jobs .
🔹 Stiff competition between hand
made goods and cheap machine-made goods .
🔹 Peasants burdened with feudal
dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still enjoying the power.
🔹 The rise of food prices or a year
of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and Country.
🔹 Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
✳️ The Revolution of the Liberals- 1848 :-
🔹 French Monarchy uprooted by
revolt of 1848 & a Republic hod been proclaimed.
🔹 Demand of liberal middle classes
for constitutionalism with National Unification.
🔹 In Germany Professionals
businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for all German National assembly.
🔹 Frankfurt Parliament organized
in Church of St. Paul, constitution was drafted for a German
nation to be Kneaded by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
🔹 Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, He rejected joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly .
✳️ Continued...
🔹 Social base of parliament shifted
to middle class dominance.
🔹 Lost the support of workers and
artisans.
🔹 Political associations were
formed by women for Political Rights.
🔹 Conservative forces suppressed
liberals.
🔹 Fearing future revolutions Monarchs
introduced changes.
🔹 Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.
✳️ The Making of Germany :-
🔹 In May 1848 the liberal attempt
to set up a constitutional monarchy at Frankfurt was suppressed by the monarchy
military and Junkers.
🔹 After the failure of the German
National Assembly , Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck took
the lead in German Unification .
🔹 Three Wars for 7 years with
Austria, Denmark and France completed German unification.
🔹 Prussian King Kaiser
William -I become the emperor of United Germany.
Currency Banking and
Judicial System was legalized .
✳️ Unification of Italy :-
🔹 Italy was divided in 7
states of which only one, Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an
Italian dynasty. -
🔹 Ideas of Italian unification
first given by Giuseppe Mazzini through his Secret Society
called Young Italy.
🔹 Atter his failed revolutions in
1831 and 1848, the lead was taken by the King of Sardinia, Victor
Emmanuel -II.
🔹 Chief Minister of Sardinia, Count
Cavour led the unification process by diplomatic alliance with France
to defeat Austria and unify its norther territories.
🔹 In the southern part, Giuseppe
Garibaldi ide the movement by involving local peasant support to drive
out the Spanish rulers.
🔹 Thus the process of unification was completed with the crowning of Victor Emmanuel-Il as king of Italy in 1861.
✳️ The Strange Case of Britain :-
🔹 No British nation existed
before 18th century.
🔹 Ethnic groups like English,
Welsh, Scots, inhabited British Isle having their own cultural &
Political Bases.
🔹 Growth of English Nations wealth
and Power, English parliament seized monarchy in 1688.
🔹 Act of Union-1707 between
England and Scotland formed United Kingdom of Great Britain.
🔹 Systematic suppression of
Scottish Culture, Language by English began. Many were drive out of their
homeland.
🔹 British helped Protestants
against Catholics of Ireland.
🔹 Later Catholic Revolt as
suppressed.
🔹 In 1801 Ireland was also
incorporated forcibly into United Kingdom.
✳️ Visualizing Nation :-
🔹 Nations began to be portrayed as
female figures called Allegory.
🔹 Ideas like Liberty Justice, and
Republic too were personified as female figures.
🔹 Allegories were erected at
squares to mark national Unity.
🔹 Coins and Stamps too caried their
images.
🔹 Marianne represented Republic of France and Germania portrayed German Nation .
✳️ Nationalism and Imperialism :-
🔹 Balkan Issue - Balkans
become the source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 .
🔹 it was too a region of
geographical & ethnic variations .
🔹 Inhabited by slaves & was
under control of Ottoman Empire .
🔹 leas of nationalism swept over
entire Balkan region .
🔹 One by one different Nationalities declared their independence through struggle.
✳️ Continued....
🔹 It became an area of conflict
among its Nationalities and later became one of the causes of First World War.
🔹 Each state develops jealously
& hope to expand at the cost of others.
🔹 European power further
complicated the situation.
🔹 They were struggling to prove
their trade & military might over the others.
🔹 Countries like Russia, Germany. England, Austria- Hungary, extended their control over Balkan Area.
