UncategoriesClass 10th History Chapter - 1 || The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes in English
Class 10th History Chapter - 1 || The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes in English
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By Amresh Academy
Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes in English
📚 Chapter = 1 📚 💠Rise of Nationalism in Europe ðŸ’
❇️ Nation :-
🔹 According to Ernest Rainer, a region formed by similar language, race and religion is called a nation.
🔹 A nation is the culmination of long efforts, sacrifice and devotion.
❇️ Nationalism :-
🔹The feeling of love towards one's nation is called nationalism.
❇️Who was Napoleon?
🔹 Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769. Napoleon was a great emperor who influenced the history of the whole of Europe with his personality and actions.
🔹On the basis of his ability, he became a commander at the age of 24 .
🔹 He led the French army to victory in many wars and gained immense popularity, then he never looked back and became the ruler of France.
❇️ Liberalism :-
🔹 The word Liberalism is based on the Latin root word liber, which means freedom . For the new middle class, liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality before the law.
❇️ Autocracy :-
🔹 A government or system of governance that has no check on its power.
❇️ Referendum :-
🔹A direct vote by which all the people of an area are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
❇️ Utopia (fantasy) :-
🔹The imagination of a society which is so ideal that it is almost impossible to realize it.
❇️ Romanticism :-
🔹A cultural movement that wanted to develop a particular kind of national sentiment.
❇️ Junkers :-
🔹The name of a social category of Prussia which included big landowners.
❇️ Reasons for the rise of nationalism :-
autocratic rule
Spread of liberal ideas
slogan of liberty, equality and fraternity
Role of the educated middle class
❇️ Gradual development of nationalism in Europe :-
French Revolution 1789 ⇒ Civil Code 1804 ⇒ Treaty of Vienna 1815 ⇒ Revolution of Liberals 1848 ⇒ Unification of Germany 1866-1871 ⇒ Unification of Italy 1859-1871
❇️ Creation of Nationalism in Europe :-
🔹For the formation of any nation, it is necessary to have a collective identity, culture, tradition etc.
🔹There were different societies in Europe. For example: - In the Habsburg Empire, people spoke different languages like German, English, French, Italian etc.
❇️ Structure of European society (before 19th century)
🔹European society was unequally divided into two parts.
Upper class (elite)
Lower class (farmer class)
🔶 Upper class elite class :-
Low population.
Upper class and dominating.
Landlord means owner of many farms.
All rights were given.
🔶 Lower class farmer class :-
More population.
Lower class
Landless meant either they did not have any land or they lived on rent.
No rights of any kind were given.
🔹That is, European society was unequally divided.
🔹After the nineteenth century a new class was added, that was the new middle class .
🔶 New Middle Class :-
All the educated people in it were like:- teachers , doctors, industrialists, businessmen etc.
Being educated, he demanded uniform law i.e. liberal nationalism.
❇️ Liberal Nationalism :-
🔹Due to this liberal nationalism, the idea of nationalism started spreading everywhere.
🔹This is why the French Revolution took place in 1789.
🔹This abolished all control (on the arrival of goods and capital) within a state, but could not eliminate the control between different states i.e. customs duty.
🔹For this an organization was formed whose name was "Zollberine" (Zollberein)
All the tariff barriers were removed.
The number of currencies was reduced to two, earlier there were more than 30
During Napoleon's time, only men who had money could vote.
❇️ Zollverain :-
🔹It was a German customs union which included most of the German states. This union was established in 1834 on the initiative of Prussia. In this, the customs barriers between different states were abolished and the number of currencies was reduced to two. This union was a symbol of the economic integration of Germany, which was earlier more than twenty.
❇️ Nationalism in Europe :-
🔹Nationalist consciousness in Europe begins from France.
❇️ French Revolution of 1789 :-
🔹The French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism. It ended the monarchy in France and handed over sovereignty to the French citizens. Before this revolution, France was a state whose entire territory was ruled by an autocratic king.
🔹 From the very beginning of the French Revolution, the French revolutionaries took many steps that could create a sense of collective identity (nationalism) among the French people. Later, Napoleon introduced revolutionary reforms in the administrative field which is known as the Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleon's Code) . Apart from this, ideas related to national unity in the early decades of the nineteenth century in Europe were closely associated with liberalism .
❇️ Steps taken to create collective identity :-
A States General was elected from each state and was renamed the National Assembly.
The French language was declared the national language.
An administrative system was put in place so that everyone could experience the same law.
Internal import and export customs duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and allowances was introduced.
School and college girls also formed clubs to show support and were named Jacobin Clubs.
The French Army was sent to every overseas territory in support, further increasing nationalist sentiment.
❇️ Features of the French Revolution and Nationalism :-
Constitution based governance.
Ideas like equality, liberty, fraternity.
The new French tricolour flag.
Formation of the National Assembly.
End of internal import-export duty.
A uniform system of measurement and weights.
French was made the common language of the nation.
❇️ Napoleon's reign :-
🔹When Napoleon started ruling France, he removed democracy and established monarchy.
🔹It was during Napoleon's time that there was a lot of development in trade, transportation and communication.
🔹To spread the nationalist idea, they occupied some areas and established many laws like increasing taxes and forced recruitment.
❇️ Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) of 1804 :-
🔹It was implemented in 1804. It abolished privileges based on birth. It not only established equality before justice but also secured the right to property.
❇️ Features of the Civil Code of 1804 :-
Abolition of privileges based on birth.
Equality before the law and the right to property were secured.
Administrative divisions were simplified.
The feudal system was abolished.
Freedom of peasants from land slavery and jagirdari taxes.
The controls of the guilds of artisans in the cities were removed.
❇️ jagirdari :-
🔹Under this, a part of the goods produced by farmers, landlords and industrialists had to be given to the government in the form of tax.
❇️ Conservatism :-
🔹 A political philosophy that emphasizes tradition, established institutions and customs and prefers gradual and gradual development rather than rapid change.
❇️ Conservatism in Europe after 1815 :-
🔹After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the inclination of European governments again increased towards conservatism.
🔹After this, the European governments wanted to maintain traditional institutions and family.
🔹 For this, all the changes that had happened during Napoleon's time were abolished and an agreement was made for this. Its name was Vienna Agreement or Vienna Treaty.
❇️ Vienna Congress :-
🔹 In 1815, representatives of the European powers Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria (who had together defeated Napoleon) gathered in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe, chaired by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
❇️ 3 main decisions were taken under the treaty :-
Firstly, many states were established on the borders of France so that France could not expand in the future.
The Bourbon dynasty, deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.
The third monarchy was continued.
❇️ Features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815 :-
Restoration of the Bub dynasty in France.
Its main objective was to establish a new conservative order in Europe.
France lost control over the territories it had conquered during Napoleon's time.
Establishment of new states to stop the expansion of France's borders.
❇️ Revolutionaries in Europe :-
🔹 Revolutionaries were born in protest against all these decisions of the European government. The revolutionaries secretly formed some secret societies.
🔹Whose main motive (goal) was.
Promoting nationalism.
To oppose the Treaty of Vienna.
Fighting for Freedom.
❇️ Hunger, hardship and mass revolt :-
🔹1830 is also called the great year of difficulties.
🔶 Reason:-
tremendous population growth
People moved from villages to cities
Rise in unemployment
Increase in poverty
🔹During these years, the crops were destroyed due to which the prices of food items started increasing and small factories started closing down.
🔹 Due to lack of food and widespread unemployment, people revolted against the government. People came out on the streets and barricades were put up at many places. This came to be known as the Kisan Revolt.
🔹By which the European government was declared a republic state.
❇️ Changes in the law after the Republic :-
People above 21 years of age have the right to vote.
The right to work was guaranteed to all citizens.
Factories were provided to provide employment.
Due to all these, poverty and unemployment gradually started decreasing.
❇️ Feminism Woman :-
🔹Feminism is the realization of the rights and interests of women on the basis of the idea of social, economic and political equality with men.
❇️ Ideology :-
🔹A group of ideas indicating a particular type of social and political vision.
💠Creation of Germany and Italy ðŸ’
❇️ Unification of Germany :-
🔹In 1848, the European government tried hard to unify Germany but they could not do so.
🔹 Because, this liberal initiative of nation building was suppressed by the combined power of monarchy and army.
🔹After that, Prussia took this responsibility upon itself and said that it would not rest until it unifies Germany.
🔹At that time the Chief Minister of Prussia was Ottoman Bismarck (Janak)
🔹Prussa led a national unification movement.
🔹 Prussia won three wars with Austria, Denmark and France during 7 years and the process of unification was completed.
🔹 In 1871, Kaiser William I was declared the king of the new empire. The unification of Germany established Prussia as a superpower in Europe.
🔹In the new German state, emphasis was placed on the modernization of currency, banking and judicial systems.
❇️ Unification of Italy :-
🔹Italy was divided into seven states.
🔹In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini presented a program for the unification of Italy.
🔹The revolutionary rebellions of 1830 and 1848 failed.
🔹 In 1859, Sardinia Piedmont made a clever diplomatic treaty with France through which it defeated the Austrian forces.
🔹In 1861, Emmanuel II was declared the king of unified Italy.
Note:- To study the process of Italian unification we have to consider three people.
Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, Giuseppe Gariboldi
❇️ Giuseppe Metzini :-
🔹He was born in Genoa in 1807 and after some time he became a member of the secret organization Carbonari. At the age of twenty-four, he was exiled in 1831 for leading a revolution in Liguria.
🔹 Later he founded two more underground organizations. The first was Young Italy in Marseille and the second was Young Europe in Bern. Mazzini's strong opposition to the monarchy and his democratic dreams filled the conservatives with fear. "Metternich called him the most dangerous enemy of our social systems.
❇️ Count Camillo de Cavour :-
🔹 Sardinia - was the chief minister of Piedmont. Led the movement to unify the regions of Italy, although he himself was neither a revolutionary nor a believer in democracy.
🔹 Cavour was behind the clever treaty with France due to which Austria could be defeated and the unification of Italy became possible.
❇️ Giuseppe Gariboldi :-
🔹 He was not part of the regular army. He led armed volunteers for the unification of Italy.
🔹 In 1860 they entered Southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in getting the support of the local peasants to oust the Spanish rulers.
🔹 He handed over Southern Italy and Sicily to King Emmanuel II and thus the unification of Italy became possible.
❇️ Nationalism in Britain :-
After the Industrial Revolution, Britain's economic power increased greatly.
Nationalism was not the result of any upheaval or revolution but was the result of a long-running process.
Britain was not a nation state before the 18th century.
In the British Empire, there were many societies like the English, Welsh, Scots or Irish which were called ethnicities.
Along with the expansion of its power, Anglo-Nation also started expanding over other nations and island groups.
In 1688 Parliament took over powers from the monarchy.
In 1707, the United Kingdom of Britain was formed by combining England and Scotland.
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 following a failed rebellion in 1798.
Symbols of the new Britain were heavily promoted.
❇️ Balkan problem :-
🔹The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic diversity which included modern Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia etc.
🔹The natives living in these areas were called Slavs. A large part of the Balkan region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
🔹 The situation became quite explosive due to the spread of romantic nationalism in the Balkan states and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. One after the other, the European nationalities under its control broke out of its clutches and started declaring independence.
🔹 As various Slavic national groups tried to define their identity and independence, the Balkan region became an area of deep conflict. Each Balkan region wanted more territory for itself.
🔹 At this time, there was tremendous competition among the European powers to capture this region. Due to which this problem deepened and due to which various wars took place here. Which culminated in the form of the First World War.
❇️ Imperialism :-
🔹When a country increases the power of its country, by using army and other means, it is called imperialism.
❇️ Metaphor :-
🔹 When an abstract idea (eg: greed, freedom, jealousy, liberation) is indicated through someone or something, it is called a metaphor.
🔹 In the 18th and 19th centuries, the metaphor was used to develop and strengthen nationalist sentiment.
❇️ Visual imagery of the state :-
🔹 In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists depicted the nation as if it were a person. Nations were presented in female guise. The female form chosen to personify the nation was not a particular woman in real life.
🔹This was an attempt to give concrete form to the abstract idea of the nation. That is, the image of a woman became the metaphor of the nation. In France, she was given the popular Christian name Mariana, which underlined the idea of a people's nation. Similarly, Germania became the metaphor of the German nation.
❇️ Contribution of women in the rise of nationalism :-
building a political organization
Publication of newspapers
Struggle for getting the right to vote
Participating in political meetings and demonstrations.
