An Empire Across Three Continents
❇️ Rome Empire :-
🔹 Most of what is today Europe was included in Western Asia and part of North Africa.
❇️ The spread of the Roman Empire in three continents :-
🔹 Europe
🔹 Western Asia
🔹 North Africa
️🔹 Sources of information about the Roman Empire :-
🔹 Content which is divided into three sections :-
🔶 Course Material :-
🔹 Year story
🔹 Letter
🔹 Lecture
🔹 Discourse
🔹 Law
🔶 Document or Document :-
🔹 Written on papyrus
🔶 Physical remains: -
🔹 Buildings
🔹 Coins
🔹 Pot
️❇️ Year History :-
🔹 The details of history written every year by contemporaries are called 'Varsha-Vritant'.
️❇️ Papyrus :-
🔹 Papyrus was a reed-like plant, which grew on the banks of the Nile, from which stationery was prepared.
️ 🔹 Early period of Roman Empire :-
🔹 509 AD in the Roman Empire. NS . from 27 AD NS . Till then the republican system of government lasted.
🔹 First Emperor Augustus – 27 AD. NS . In AD Augustus overthrew the republican system and became emperor himself, his kingdom was called the Principate. He was a prominent citizen, not an autocratic ruler.
🔹 The three major players in the political history of the Roman Empire - the emperor, the aristocracy and the army.
🔹 Establishment of provinces.
🔹 Public bathrooms.
️❇️ Middle period (crisis of the third century)
🔹 The first and second centuries were a symbol of peace, prosperity and economic expansion.
🔹Tension emerged in the third century. When there were repeated invasions of the Sassanian dynasty of Iran. Meanwhile, the Germanic tribes (Franks, Alemannae and Goths) occupied various provinces of the Roman Empire, causing instability in the empire.
🔹 There were 25 emperors in 47 years. This is called the crisis of the third century.
️❇️ Later Puranic Period :-
🔶 4th to 7th century
🔶 Reign of Diocletian 284 – 305 AD.
🔶 Constantine Ruler
🔹 Christianity Raj Dharma
🔹 Solidus gold coin
🔹 Kustuntunian capital
🔹 Business Development
🔹 Architecture
🔶 Justinian ruler
❇️️ Gender, Literacy, Culture in Roman Empire :-
🔹 Trend of nuclear family in society.
🔹 Good status of women, legal rights in property ownership and operation.
🔹 Having improvised literacy.
🔹 Having cultural diversity.
❇️️ Expansion of Roman Empire :-
🔹 The economic infrastructure of the Roman Empire was quite strong.
🔹 Ports, mines, quarries, brick kilns, olive oil factories are widespread.
🔹 Being an area of exceptional fertility.
🔹 Well organized commercial and banking system and widespread use of money.
🔹 The containers in which liquids were carried were called 'ampora'.
🔹 Olive oil produced in Spain was transported in containers called 'Dresel-20'.
❇️️ Control over workers in the Roman Empire :-
🔹 The strong roots of slavery were spread throughout Roman society.
🔹 In Italy, out of a population of 7.5 million, there were 3 million slaves.
🔹 The slaves had the status of capital investment.
🔹 Workers and slaves were treated cruelly by the upper class people.
🔹 Rural people were struggling with indebtedness.
🔹 The treatment of slaves was not based on sympathy but on accounting.
️❇️ Social Categories in the Roman Empire Early Kingdoms :-
🔹 Sanator, equestrian, respected class of the public, sloppy lower class, slave.
🔹 The later period, the aristocracy, the middle class and the lower class.
🔹 Corruption and plundering.
️❇️ Features of antiquity in Roman Empire :-
🔹 The Romans were polytheistic. People worshiped deities like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Morse.
🔹 Judaism was another major religion of the Roman Empire.
🔹 Building forts on the borders by Emperor Diocletian.
🔹 Emperor Constantine decided to make Christianity the official religion.
🔹 In the western part of the empire, the groups coming from the north – Goths, Bandals and Lombards etc. established post-Roman states by capturing large provinces.
🔹 Reorganization of provinces.
🔹 Separation of military and civilian functions.
🔹 Expansion of Islam - 'The biggest political revolution in ancient world history.
❇️ Features of Military Management in Roman Empire :-
🔹 Important institution of Rome military politics
🔹 Professional Army
🔹 Length of service to be fixed
🔹 Largest single body
🔹 The fear of the army in the Senate
🔹 Civil war over differences
🔹 Movement and Rebellion
🔹 The power to determine the fate of the ruler or emperors.
️❇️ Das Prajjan :-
🔹 There was such a practice of increasing the number of slaves, under which slaves and their accompanying men were encouraged to have more and more children. Their children also later became slaves.
️❇️ Problems with Slave Workers :-
🔹On government construction works in Rome, apparently free labor was widely used because the abundance of slave labor was very expensive.
🔹 Unlike hired laborers, slave laborers had to provide food and other expenses to keep them throughout the year, which increased the cost of keeping these slave workers.
🔹 Salaried laborers were cheap, they could easily be left and retained.
❇️ Features of Labor Management in Roman Empire :-
🔹 Slaves started being freed as slave labor was expensive.
🔹 Now these slaves or freed persons were appointed as trade managers.
🔹 The owners used to hand over the slaves or the freed slaves to run the business on their behalf, even the entire business.
🔹 Monitoring was the most important aspect for both free and slave labor. To simplify inspection, workers were sometimes divided into smaller teams.
🔹 Small groups were formed for the workers so that it can be found out who is working and stealing work.
️❇️ Equestrian (Equites) :-
🔹 The cavalry (equites) or knight class was traditionally the second most powerful and wealthiest group. Originally they were families whose wealth gave them the formal qualification to enlist in the cavalry, hence they were called equites.
️❇️ Characteristics of the Equestrian (Equites) or Knight class :-
🔹 Like senators, most knights were landlords.
🔹 Unlike these sanators, many of them were also ship owners, merchants and moneylenders (bankers), that is, they were engaged in trading activities.
🔹 They were considered to be a respectable section of the people, who belonged to the great families.
