❇️ Who were the Mughals?
🔹He was the descendant of two great ruling dynasties. On his mother's side, he was the successor of the Mongol ruler of China and Central Asia, Genghis Khan (who died in 1227 AD). On his father's side, he was a descendant of Timur (who died in 1404 AD), the ruler of Iran and present-day Turkey.
🔹But the Mughals did not like to call themselves Mughal or Mongol. This was because the memories associated with Genghis Khan were also related to the Uzweg, a competitor of the Mughals. The Mughals, on the other hand, took pride in being the descendants of Timur. This is because this great ancestor of his had captured Delhi in 1398 AD.
🔹The Mughals did their genealogy by making a display picture. Every Mughal ruler had his portrait painted with Timur. The first Mughal ruler Babur was related to Genghis Khan from the maternal side. He spoke Turkish and ridiculed the Mongols and referred to them as barbaric gangs.
🔹During the 16th century, Europeans used the term Mughal to describe the Indian rulers of this branch of the family. Even the name of Mowgli, the young hero of Rudyard Kipling's (Jungle Book), is derived from it.
🔹The founder of the empire, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, was driven away by the rival Uzbegos of Fargana's central Asian homeland. Nasiruddin Humayun, defeated by Sher Shah Sur, was forced into exile at the court of the Safavid ruler of Iran. The Chagatai Turks considered themselves to be descendants of the eldest son of Genghis Khan.
️ ❇️ Babur 1526 AD – 1530 AD :-
🔹When the first Mughal ruler Babur (1526 AD - 1530 AD) inherited the state of Fergana in 1494 AD, he was only 12 years old. He had to give up his ancestral throne due to the invasion of the Uzbego, another branch of the Mongols.
🔹After wandering for many years, he captured Kabul in 1504 AD.
🔹In 1526, he defeated Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi at Panipat and captured Delhi, Agra.
🔹In 1527 AD, Rana Sanga defeated Rajput kings and their supporters in Khanuwa. Defeated Rajputs at Chanderi in 1528 AD.
🔹Cannon and firepower were used for the first time in the wars of the 16th century. Babur used them effectively in the first battle of Panipat.
️ ❇️ Humayun :-
🔹Humayun divided the property according to the will of his father. Each brother got a province. Humayun was tarnished by his Afghan rivals because of the ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran.
🔹Sher Khan defeated Humayun twice, in 1539 AD at Chausa and 1540 AD in Kannauj. These defeats forced Humayun to flee to Iran.
🔹Humayun took the help of Safavid Shah in Iran. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 AD, but the following year he died in an accident in this building.
️ ❇️ Akbar :-
🔹Became emperor at the age of 13 years.
🔹Captured Chittor, the capital of Sisidio in 1568 AD and Ranthambore in 1569 AD.
🔹Between 1579 AD – 1580 AD there were revolts in favor of Mirza Hakim.
🔹Captured Kandahar by defeating the Safavids and also annexed Kashmir. After the death of Mirza Hakim, Kabul was also annexed to his kingdom. Deccan campaigns started.
️ ❇️ Jahangir :-
🔹The Sisodia ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted the service of the Mughals, after which campaigns were launched against the Sikhs, Ahamos and Ahmednagar, which were not completely successful.
🔹In the last years of Jahangir's rule, Prince Khurram, who was later called Emperor Shah Jahan, revolted.
️ ❇️ Shah Jahan :-
🔹The Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi revolted and was defeated.
🔹There was a campaign against Ahmednagar, in which the Bundelas were defeated and Orchha was captured.
🔹There was a campaign against the Uzbegos to capture Balkh in the north-west, which was unsuccessful. As a result Kandahar fell into the hands of the Safavids.
🔹In 1632 AD, therefore Ahmednagar was annexed to the Mughal state and the Bijapur army requested for reconciliation.
🔹In 1657 AD – 1658 AD, a dispute over the succession started between the sons of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb was victorious in this and all three brothers including Darashikoh were put to death.
🔹Shah Jahan was imprisoned in Agra for the rest of his life.
️ ❇️ Aurangzeb :-
🔹In 1663 AD, the Ahomos were defeated in the north-east, but they revolted again in 1690 AD.
🔹Yousafzai and the Sikhs revolted in the north-west. The reason for this was the interference of the Mughals in their internal politics and succession issues.
🔹The Mughal campaign against the Maratha chief Shivaji was initially successful, but Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji and Shivaji escaped from the Mughal prison in Agra.
🔹Prince Akbar revolted against the rulers of Deccan of Aurangzeb. In which he got the support of the Marathas and the Deccan Sultanate. So he fled from Iran (near Safavid).
🔹After the rebellion of Akbar, Aurangzeb sent armies against the rulers of Deccan. In 1685 AD, Bijpur and in 1687 Golconda were annexed by the Mughals in the state. In 1668, Aurangzeb organized a campaign against the Marathas (who were using guerrilla methods) in the Deccan.
️ ❇️ Mughal Capital :-
🔹During the 16th - 17th centuries, the capitals of the Mughals shifted very rapidly.
🔹Babur occupied Agra, the capital of Lodio, however, during his reign, the royal courts continued to be set up at different places.
🔹In the 1560s, Akbar built the fort in Agra with red sandstone.
🔹In the 1570s, Akbar made Fatehpur Sikri the capital. One reason for this was that Sikri was situated on the direct road leading to Ajmer where the shrine of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti had become an important pilgrimage site.
🔹The Mughal emperors had close relations with the Chishti Sufis. Akbar built a marble mausoleum for Sheikh Salim Chishti next to the Jama Masjid at Sikri.
🔹The purpose of building the Buland Darwaza (huge arched gateway) in Fatehpur Sikri was to remind the people of the Mughal victory in Gujarat.
🔹In 1885, the capital was shifted to Lahore to bring more control towards the North-West. In this way Akbar kept a deep vigil on the border for 13 years (1548 AD).
🔹The capital was shifted to Shahjahanabad in 1648 AD.
❇️ Chronicles (Chronicles of History): -
🔹The articles from which the history of a region is known are called itivartas. All the chronicles of the Mughal Empire have been found in the form of manuscripts.
️ ❇️ Manuscripts :-
🔹All those articles which are written by hand are called manuscripts. Many chronicles were prepared by the Mughal kings. These chronicles were composed by the Mughal kings so that the coming generation could get information about the Mughal rule. All these chronicles give important information about the Mughal Empire.
️ ❇️ Composition of the Chronicle :-
🔹The chronicles prepared by the Mughal emperors are important sources of study of the empire and its court.
🔹These chronicles were brought in front of all the people coming under the empire for the purpose of having a vision of an enlightened state.
🔹The rulers also wanted to ensure that the details of their ruler were available for future generations.
🔹The author of the Mughal chronicle was invariably a courtier. The histories he wrote were centered around events centered on the ruler, the ruler's family, the court and aristocracy, wars and administrative systems.
🔹In the eyes of their writers, the history of the empire and the court and the history of the emperor were the same.
🔹All the books of Mughal India were in the form of manuscripts i.e. they were written by hand. The main center of these works was the royal Kitbakhana.
️ ❇️ Language :-
🔹The Mughal court histories were written in the Persian language. Since the Mughals were of Chagatai origin, Turkish was their mother tongue. Their first ruler, Babur, wrote poems and your memoirs in this language.
🔹Akbar thoughtfully made Persian the main language of the court.
🔹Persian was given a high position as the language of the court and power and prestige were given to those people who had a good hold on this language. It became the language of administration at all levels. From which accountants, clerks and other officers also learned it.
🔹A new language emerged in the form of Urdu by the mutual contact of Persian with Hindavi.
🔹Mughal histories like Akbarnama were written in Persian. While others such as Babur's memoirs were translated from Turkish to Persian under the name of Baburnama.
🔹The Mughal emperors ordered Sanskrit texts like Mahabharata and Ramayana to be translated into Persian.
🔹The Mahabharata was translated as Razmanama (Book of Wars).
️ ❇️ Mughal Painting :-
🔹Abul Fazl has described painting as a magical art. Abul Fazl had great respect for painting.
🔹In the 17th century, Mughal emperors began to be depicted with a halo. He took these auras as symbols of God from European paintings of Jesus and the Virgin Mary.
🔹Akbar is shown in a white dress in a picture. This white color refers to the Sufi tradition.
🔹There was a constant tension between the rulers and the representatives of the Muslim orthodox class, ie Umla, over the creation of paintings depicting the emperor's court and the people participating in it.
🔹Umla called for an Islamic ban on the depiction of the iconic human form in the Qur'an as well as the hadith (from which a similar incident is forbidden from the life of the Prophet Muhammad).
🔹The Safavid kings of Iran gave protection to excellent artists trained in the workshops established in the court, for example - painters like Bihzad.
🔹Humayun brought artists named Mir Syed Ali and Abdul Samad with him from Iran to Delhi.
Note:- Payag Shah Jahan was a carpet painter.
Abdul Hasan Jahangir was a carpet painter.
️ ❇️ Akbarnama and Ain-e-Akbari :-
🔹The most known of the most important depicted Mughal histories are the Akbarnama and the Badshahnama King's History.
🔹On average 150 full or double pages in each manuscript are pictures of battle, siege, hunting, building construction, court scenes etc.
🔹Abul Fazl, the author of Akbarnama, was nurtured in the Mughal capital Agra.
🔹Akbar's close friend and courtier Abul Fazl wrote the history of his reign.
🔹Abul Fazl wrote this history in three volumes and its title was – Akbarnama.
🔹The first volume contains the narration of Akbar's ancestors and the second gives the details of the events of Akbar's reign.
🔹The third volume (Ain-e-Akbari) is. In this, details of the geography of Akbar's administration, household, army, revenue and empire are found. It also has a detailed description of the traditions and cultures of the people of contemporary India.
🔹The most interesting dimension of Ain-i-Akbari is the statistical description of various types of things, crops, prices, wages and revenues.
🔹Mehruninsa married Jahangir in 1611 AD and got the title of Nur Jahan. Nur Jahan was always very loyal to Jahangir. In honor of Nur Jahan, Jahangir issued silver coins.
️ ❇️ Badshahnama :-
🔹Badshahnama is also official history. It has three volumes (offices) and each volume gives details of the lunar years.
🔹Lahori wrote the first and second office on the first two decades of Shah Jahan's rule (1627 AD – 1647 AD). These districts were later reformed by Shah Jahan's Wazir Sadullah Khan.
🔹At the core of Suharwardi philosophy is Plato's Republic. Where God is represented by the symbol of the Sun. Suharwardi's works are widely read in the Islamic world. It was studied by Sheikh Mubarak.
❇️️ Religious Status of Mughal Empire :-
🔹In 1563 AD, Akbar ended his pilgrimage. In 1564, Akbar abolished Jizya.
🔹All the Mughal emperors gave grants for the construction and maintenance of places of worship.
🔹Even when the temples were destroyed during the war, later grants were issued for their repair. We come to know about this during the reign of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
❇️️ Mughal court :-
🔹One's position in the court was determined by how close or far away he was to the ruler.
🔹The place given by the ruler to any courtier was a symbol of his importance in the eyes of the emperor.
🔹was a Cornish formal greeting.
🔹The status of the person was revealed by the manner of greeting made to the ruler. As the person was bowed down and greeted in front of the person, the status of that person was considered more high.
🔹In place of this method, Shah Jahan adopted the methods of Taslim and Jamibos.
❇️️ Emperor's day :-
🔹The life of the emperor started with some religious practices at sunrise. After this he used to give Jharokha Darshan (facing east). The purpose of Jharokha Darshan started by Akbar was to give acceptance and expansion of royal power in the form of public trust.
❇️️ Takht-e-Taus :-
🔹Takht-e-Taus was the jeweled throne of Shah Jahan. Its decoration took 7 years. The precious stone ruby was used in its decoration. Which was sent by Shah Abbas Safavi to the late Emperor Jahangir. The names of Timur Mirza Ulugh Beg Shah Abbas, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan are inscribed on this ruby.
❇️️ Difference between Deewane – E – Mango and Deewane – E – Khas :-
🔹In Deewane-e-Aamdiwane-e-Khasdiwane-e-Aam, the emperor used to conduct the primary functions of the government. There the state officials used to submit reports and make requests. In contrast, in Deewane-e-Khas, the emperor used to hold private meetings and discuss confidential matters and senior ministers there presented their petitions, tax officials gave details of the accounts.
❇️ Titles, Gifts & Gifts: -
🔹Giving titles to deserving people was an important part of the Mughal monarchy. Some of the major titles were Asfa Khan, Mirza Raja etc.
🔹Aurangzeb had conferred the title of Mirza Raja to Jaisingh and Jaswant Singh.
🔹Titles could be earned or money could be given to get them, for example Mir Khan offered one lakh rupees to Amir Khan by putting the letter 'A' in front of his name.
🔹Other awards included the jama (khillat) of honour, which was previously worn by the emperor at one time or another. It was considered a symbol of the blessings of the emperor.
🔹In very special circumstances, the emperor also gifted a set of gem-studded ornaments (Padam Muramma) with lotus rings.
🔹A courtier never went to the emperor empty handed, either he used to present a small amount of money in the form of eyes or a large amount in the form of a present in front of the emperor.
🔹In diplomatic relations, gifts were considered a symbol of honor and respect. Tomas Roe was very disappointed with the ring that he had presented to Asaf Khan. It was returned to him only because it was worth only Rs.400.
❇️️ Royal family :-
🔹The word Haram is used to refer to the home world of the Mughals. It originates from the Persian word. Which means – holy place. These included the wives, concubines of the emperor, his near and distant relatives (women and children), female attendants and slaves.
🔹The practice of polygamy was widely prevalent among the ruling classes of Rajputs and marriage was a way of forming political relations for both.
🔹Begum was the women coming from the royal family in the Mughal family.
🔹There were women who came in the Agha Mughal family, who did not belong to the royal or aristocratic family.
🔹Mehr (dowry) used to come in excessive quantity from the royal family. Naturally, the respect of the Begmo in the harem was higher than that of the Agaha.
🔹After Nur Jahan, Mughal queens and princesses started controlling important financial sources. Shah Jahan's daughters Jahaara and Roshanara had an annual income equal to the high royal mansabdars. Revenue was also received from Jahaara's Surat business.
❇️️ Mughal aristocracy :-
🔹Recruitment in the elite was done from various ethnic and religious groups. This ensured that no party was too big to challenge the authority of the state.
🔹The officers of the Mughals were described as guldas, that is, those who were loyally associated with the emperor.
🔹Initially Turani and Iranian nobles were present in Akbar's royal service. After 1560 AD Rajputs and Indian Muslims (Sheikhzadao) entered the royal service.
🔹The first Rajput chief to enter the service was the Raja ruler of Amber, Kachhwaha, whose daughter Akbar married.
🔹The Iranians got high positions under Jahangir's rule. Nur Jahan (Jahangir's beloved wife) was an Iranian.
🔹Aurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high posts, yet during Aurangzeb's time there was an abundance of Marathas among non-Muslim officers.
🔹Char Chaman is a book by Chandrabhan Brahmin at the time of Shajahan, which describes the Mughal aristocracy.
🔹Akbar, considering some people of the aristocracy as disciples (Murid), established spiritual relations with them.
❇️ Jesuit preacher in Mughal court :-
🔹Akbar was very curious to know about Christianity. He sent an envoy to Goa to invite the Jesuit priests.
🔹The first Jesuit delegation reached the Mughal court of Fatehpur Sikri in 1580 AD and stayed there for about two years.
🔹Two more disciples were sent to the Mughal court of Lahore in 1591 AD and 1595 AD.
🔹In most of the meetings, the Jesuit people were given a place very close to the throne of Akbar. He accompanied her on expeditions, educated her children and often accompanied her during her leisure time.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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