Bhakti and Sufi Movement in India :-
The Sultanate period was the period of struggle of Hindu-Muslim culture.
Along with the Sultanate period, Islam spread or spread at a rapid pace in India. The Sultans of Delhi started atrocities on Hinduism for the propagation or spread of Islam and they destroyed Hindu temples and idols and forced Hindus to become Muslims.
The feelings of opposition against each other were awakened in both. Hinduism emphasized the unity of heavenlyism to protect its religion. When lakhs of Hindus started becoming Muslims, the religious reformers started a movement to remove the evils of Hindu religion, this movement is known as Bhakti movement. Simultaneously, the Muslims started emphasizing on the Sufi sects and that was called the Sufi movement.
Bhakti Movement in India:-
The Bhakti movement started with the Alvars and Nayanars in South India, which later (between 800 AD and 1700 AD) spread throughout South Asia including North India.
The Alvars and Nayanars were considered the founders of the Bhakti movement in southern India.
The Alvars were devotees of Lord Vishnu, while the Nayanars were followers of Shaivism.
Both Alvar and Nayanar strongly criticized the social and religious malpractices prevailing in the society. He raised his voice against the caste system and the supremacy of Brahmins.
He gave an important place to women. Two women saints of Alwar – Karikkal of Ammaiyar of Andal and Nayanar played an important role in giving a new direction to the society.
The Cholas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas patronized both the Alvar and Nayanar sects.
Nalayiradivyaprabandham is the main compilation of Alvar saints. This text is ranked as the fifth Veda in Tamil. Basavanna founded the Veerashaivas or Lingayats in Karnataka and played an important role in the development of his cult.
Reasons of Bhakti Movement :-
- The atrocities of the Muslim invaders
- Fear of ending religion and caste
- influence of islam
- political organization
- conservatism
- traditional differences
- Disappointment for Hindus
Characteristics of Bhakti Movement :-
- belief in monotheism
- opposition to external eggs
- opposition to the monk
- emphasis on human service
- opposition to the caste system
- Emphasis on Hindu Muslim Unity
- local language sermons
- Increase in importance of Guru
- Cohesive nature
- sense of dedication
- emphasis on equality
Objectives of Bhakti Movement :-
To bring reforms in Hindu religion and society.
The harmony in religion is Islam and Hinduism.
Sufism / Development of Sufi Sect in India (Sufi Movement)
Influenced by mystic and liberal ideas, a sect emerged in Islam, which is called the Sufi sect. Sufism was born out of the rise of Islam.
The word Sufi is derived from the word Sufi. Sufi means undyed wool / it means mat worn by sannyasis
Sufism is an English word printed in the 19th century. In Islamic texts it has been used as Tasawwurf. Some scholars tell it to come out of Suf meaning wool. It refers to the rough woolen cloth. Sufis wear
By the 11th century, Sufism had become a full-fledged movement with its own literature related to Sufi and Quran.
Institutionally, the Sufis established themselves as an organized community around the Khanqah (where Sufi travelers resided). The control of Khanqah was in the hands of Guru or Sheikh, Pir or Murshid or disciple. He used to recruit followers (Murids) and appoint vices (Caliphs).
Monotheistic :-
Monotheism is the principle that recognizes the idea of ' God is one ' or ' There is only one God '.
- renunciation of material life
- belief in peace and non-violence
- Tolerance (respect for all religions)
- The importance of love
- preaching on islam
- devil deterrent
- Emphasis on purity of heart
- importance of guru and disciple
- Opposition to the heavy Andaborough
- emphasizing the holy life
Emphasis was placed on devotion to God and following his ideals for attainment of liberation. He taught Prophet Mohammad to follow him by describing him as Insan-e-Kamil. You interpreted the Quran on a personal basis.
Islam :-
'Islam' is a monotheistic religion founded on the teaching of the last divine book (Qur'an) delivered to mankind by Muhammad, the last messenger from Allah and the prophet. Islam was founded in Azabia by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
The pillars of Islam are :-
- Martyrdom
- salat or prayer
- Saum or Roza
- Zakat
- Hajj
The holy book of Islam is Quran Sharif. It is written in Arabic and consists of 114 chapters .
According to Muslim tradition, the Qur'an is a compilation of messages that God (Allah) sent to Muhammad through his messenger Arkh l Jibris in Mecca and Medina between 610-632.
Important events of Islam:-
- chishti series
- golden sequence
- Qadiri Silsila
- Nashbandi series
continuation :-
The literal meaning of Silsila is the chain which refers to the constant relationship between the sheikh and the mureed, whose first inextricable link is with the Prophet Muhammad.
Sufis and their relation with the state :-
Another characteristic of the Chishti sect was the life of moderation and simplicity. In which emphasis was given to stay away from cheap.
If the ruling elite class offered grants unsolicited, the Sufi saints rejected it. The Sultan gave tax-free and land grants to the Khanqahs and established a charity trust.
The Chishti used to accept donations in the form of religion and goods, but instead of keeping them, they used to spend them entirely on the gatherings of Sama such as living, clothes, food arrangements and rituals and thus the common people got inclined towards them.
The faith of Sufi saints in their devotion, scholarship and their miraculous power by the people became the reason for their popularity. For this reason the rulers also wanted to get their support.
People from the Paphilia were also considered as mediators and used to work to improve spiritual songs. Therefore the rulers wanted to build their mass near Sufi Dargahs and Khankahos.
Kami - Once upon a time Sufi sheikh who was addressed with Andabar full title / title. For example, the followers of Sheikh Nizamuddin Olia used to address him as Sultan- al-Mashakh (ie Sultan in Sheikho).
Sufi Language and Contact :-
Not only did the Chishtis from Sama adopt the local language, but the people of the Delhi Chishti silsila used to converse in Hindavi.
Baba Farid also composed poetry in Kshatriya language. Which is compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib. Some other Sufios wrote long poems where love for God is depicted in human form.
Sufi poetry written by Chishti saints who settled in the region around Bijapur, Karnataka in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, possibly performed by women for household chores such as grinding a mill, spinning a spinning wheel.
Sharia :-
Sharia is the law governing Muslims. This sarif is based on Quran and Hadith. The literal meaning of Hadish is the traditions associated with the Prophet.
Bhakti :-
Devotion to God with the ultimate aim of attaining salvation is called Bhakti. The word Bhakti was derived from the root 'Bhaj' which means adorable. The devotees who were opposed to incarnation and idol worship are known as saints. Kabir, the successor of Guru Nanak Dev ji and Guru Nanak Dev ji is a prominent Bhakti saint. The impact of the Bhakti movement on Indian society was significant and far-reaching.
Differences and conflicts between the differences or traditions of Hinduism :-
| tantric practice | Puranic Traditions | Vedic Traditions |
|---|---|---|
| Those engaged in tantric practice often overlooked the authority of the Vedas. | In addition, devotees often regarded their chosen deity, either Vishnu or Shiva , as supreme. | The principal deities in Vedic traditions are Agni, Indra and Soma, |
| Tantric practices were widespread in many parts of the subcontinent – they were open to women and men, and practitioners often ignored caste and class differences in terms of ritual. | Singing and chanting of devotional compositions was often a part of such practice. This was especially true for the Vaishnava and Shaiva classes. | Those who valued the Vedic tradition often condemned the practices of others. |
| They performed sacrifices or chanted mantras accurately. | Alvars and Nayanars were part of this tradition. | Vedic practices were for men only and for Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas. They practiced the Vedic tradition by giving long Vedic hymns and elaborate sacrifices. |
Various religious beliefs and practices:-
A wide range of gods and goddesses were found in sculpture as well as in texts. The Puranic texts were composed and compiled in simple Sanskrit language that could be accessible to women and Shudras, who were generally deprived of Vedic education. Many beliefs and practices were shaped through the continuous mingling of Puranic traditions with local traditions. went . The Jagannath cult of Odisha was a local deity made of wood by the local tribal experts and was recognized as Vi.
Local deities were often included within the archaic framework, by granting them an identity as the consorts of the principal deities. For example, he was equated with Lakshmi, the wife of Vishnu, or Parvati, the wife of Shiva. Tantric practices were widespread in many parts of the sub-continent. It influenced Buddhism as well as Shaivism.
The principal gods of the Vedic Agni, Indra and Soma were rarely seen in textual or visual representations. All other religious beliefs, such as Buddhism, Jainism, Tantric practices ignored the authority of the Vedas. The singing and chanting of devotional compositions became a method of worship especially for the Vaishnava and Shaiva sects.
Early Bhakti Tradition:-
Historians have classified Bhakti traditions into two broad categories, namely Nirguna (without attributes) and Saguna (with attributes).
In the sixth century, the Bhakti movements were led by Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva).
He traveled from place to place singing Tamil devotional songs. During their travels, the Alvars and Nayanars identified some religious sites and later large temples were built at these places.
Historians suggested that the Alvars and Nayanars started a movement against the caste system. The Nalayira Divyaprabandham composed by Alvar was described as Tamil Veda.
Female devotee:
The specialty of this tradition was that women also had a place in it. Women devotees like Andal, Karaikal Ammariyar composed devotional music that challenged patriarchal norms.
Devotional songs of an Alvar woman named Andal were sung. Andal used to express his feelings of love in verses considering himself to be Lord Vishnu's beloved.
Karaikal Ammaiyar, a Shiva devotee woman, took the path of severe penance.
His works were preserved in the Nayanar tradition.
Veershaiva tradition in Karnataka: -
A new movement emerged in Karnataka in the 12th century under the leadership of a Brahmin named Basavanna. His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (clothes of the linga). They worship Shiva in the form of Linga. Lingayats continue to be an important community in this area even today.
Lingayats believed that the devotee would be absorbed in Shiva after death and would not return to this world again. Lingayats did not believe in reincarnation. Lingayats opposed the caste system. Those who were discriminated against in the Brahmaniya social system became the followers of Lingayats. Lingayats recognized adult marriage, widow remarriage.
The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste, pollution, the theory of reincarnation, etc. and encouraged post-puberty marriage and widow remarriage.
Our understanding of the Veerashaiva tradition is derived from the Vachanas (literally spoken) in Kannada, composed by the women and men who joined the movement.
Religious boom in northern India :-
During this period Lord Shiva and Vishnu were worshiped in temples in northern India. Temples were built with the help of rulers. The Rajput kingdoms emerged in northern India during this period. These states were dominated by Brahmins. The Brahmins used to perform rituals (puja, yagya).
Hardly anyone has challenged the Brahmin class. At the same time, some religious leaders also emerged who came out of the orthodox Brahmanical tradition. Such leaders included Nath, Jogi Siddha.
Many religious leaders challenged the authority of the Vedas. He put his ideas in front of everyone in the language of the common people. After this the Turks arrived in India. It had an impact on Hindu religion and culture.
Islamic Traditions :-
In the first millennium AD, Arab traders came by sea to the ports of western India.
At the same time people from Central Asia came and settled in the North-West provinces of the country.
After the emergence of Islam in the seventh century, this region came to be called the Islamic world.
Religious Beliefs of Rulers and Rulers:-
In 711 AD, an Arab general named Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and included it in the Caliphate's territory.
In the 13th century, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate.
The Mughal Sultanate was established in the 16th century. Theoretically, Muslim rulers were to be guided by the Ulama and follow the rules of Shariat. But it was difficult to do so because a large population was not a believer of Islam.
Jimmy :-
There were people who were non-Muslims like Hindus, Christians, Jews.
Non-Muslims had to pay a tax called Jaziya and got the right to be protected by Muslim rulers.
Several Mughal rulers, including Akbar and Aurangzeb, endowed the land and granted tax exemptions to Hindu, Jain, Parsi, Christian and Jewish religious institutions. Many rulers gave exemption in land grant and tax.
Islam in popular practice :-
After the arrival of Islam, many changes took place in the societies. Farmers, craftsmen, warriors, traders all changed.
People were sometimes identified with reference to the region from which they came. The migrant communities were often referred to as mlecchas, meaning that they did not follow the norms of caste, society and languages spoken that did not originate from Sanskrit.
He accepted Islam.
All those who converted to Islam accepted the Five Pillars of Faith.
Five things of Islam religion:-
One God, Allah and Prophet Muhammad are his messengers. Offering Namaz (Namaz / Salat) five times a day. To give alms (zakat). Fasting (Sawam) in the month of Ramadan. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). Development of Sufism :-
In the early centuries of Islam, a group of religiously minded people, called Sufis, turned to asceticism and mysticism in opposition to the growing materialism of the Caliphate.
The Sufis criticized dogmatic definitions and scholarly methods of interpreting the Qur'an and interpreted it on the basis of their personal experience.
Khanqah :-
Sufi saints lived in Khanqah, this was their residence.
By the 11th century, Sufism had developed into a well-developed movement.
The Sufos began to organize communities around a dharamsala or khanqah (Persian) controlled by a teaching master by the name of a sheikh, pir or murshid. He nominated disciples (murids) and appointed a successor (caliph).
Sufi sequence:
The meaning of Sufi Silsila is a chain, which denotes a continuous link between guru and disciple, traced as an unbroken spiritual lineage to the Prophet Muhammad.
When the sheikh died, his mausoleum-dargah (dargah) became the center of devotion of his followers and the practice of pilgrimage or ziarat to his grave, especially on his death anniversary, began.
Chishti Series :-
Chishti Sampradaya is the most popular sect union in India and it was founded by Khwaja Abdul Chishti in the 10th century. The contribution of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti was in making the Chishti sect famous.
Most of the Sufi lineages are named after the one who founded them. For example, Qadri Silsila was named after Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani. Some other silos were named after his place of birth. For example, the name Chishti is derived from the city of Chishti in central Afghanistan.
The Chishti were the most influential of the Sufi communities who came to India at the end of the 12th century. The reason was that not only did they adapt well to the local environment, but they also adopted many of the specialties in the Bhakti tradition.
Life in Chishti Khanqah :-
Khanqah was the center of social life.
In the fourteenth century, Sheikh Nizamuddin's Dharamshala on the banks of the river Yamuna at Ghiyaspur was very famous. Shaikh used to live here and used to meet visitors in the morning and evening.
There was an open kitchen (langar) and people from all walks of life used to come here from morning till late night.
Those who came here included Amir Hasan Sijji, Amir Khusrau and Ziauddin Barani.
Pilgrimage (ziarat) to the graves of Sufi saints was common. It was a practice of seeking the spiritual grace (barkat) of the Sufis.
chishti worship ziarat and qawwali
Ziyarat :-
Ziyarat meant pilgrimage to the tombs of Sufi saints. Its main purpose was to gain spiritual favor from the Sufis. Music and dance form an important part of Ziarat. The Sufis believed that music and dance create divine ecstasy in the human heart. The religious event of Sufism is known as Sama.
Qawwaali :-
Qual is an Arabic word which means 'to say'. It was sung at the time of opening or closing of qawwals.
Beshariya :-
He was called Beshariya because of disobeying Sharia.
Basaria :-
The people who followed Sharia were being separated from the Sufis.
New Bhakti Marga in Northern India
Kabir :-
Kabir was a poet-saint of the 14th – 15th centuries.
Kabir's verses were compiled in three different traditions.
Kabir Bijak is protected by Kabirpanth in Uttar Pradesh.
Kabir Granthavali is associated with Dadupanth in Rajasthan.
Many of his verses were included in the Adi Granth Sahib.
Kabir described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. He also used words from Vedic traditions, such as alakh, formless, brahmana, atman, etc.
Kabir accepted all forms of philosophy i.e. Vedic traditions, Yogic traditions and Islamic ideas.
Kabir's ideas probably crystallized through dialogue and debate.
Guru Nanak :-
Guru Nanak's message is embedded in his hymns and teachings, where he advocated a form of nirguna bhakti.
According to Guru Nanak, Purna or 'Rab' had no gender or form. His thoughts were expressed through hymns called 'Shabd' in Punjabi.
Guru Arjan compiled the hymns of Guru Nanak with the hymns of Baba Farid, Ravidas and Kabir in the Adi Granth Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh incorporated the compositions of Guru Tegh Bahadur and named this scripture as 'Guru Granth Sahib'. went go .
Meera Bai :-
Mirabai was a famous woman-poet of the Bhakti tradition. He composed many songs which were characterized by intense expression of emotion.
Mirabai's song inspired poor and low caste people in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
Sankaradeva was a major proponent of Vaishnavism in Assam in the late fifteenth century.
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History – Themes
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Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
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