e . 1st millennium BC (an important period) :-
This period was considered very important in the history of the world. Because many thinkers arose during this period. Eg :- Buddha, Mahavira, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Khungtsi . All these scholars tried to understand the mystery of life.
Jainism :-
Founder :- Rishab Dev
Key Principle: - Determinism (ie everything is subject to fate and destiny. And is already certain.)
The word Jain is derived from the word (Jin) which means conqueror. The final compilation of Jainism texts took place around 500 AD in Vallabhi, Gujarat. Jainism is one of the ancient religions of India. The teachings of Jainism were in vogue in India even before the 6th century BC.
According to Jain tradition, there were 23 teachers before Mahavira . Those who were called Tirthankaras. That is, those great men who reach men and women across the river of life.
Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism . Rishabh Dev was the first Tirthankara of Jainism. Parshvanath was the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism .
Tirthankara :-
The literal meaning of Tirthankara is the one who builds a ghat or pilgrimage to cross the world.
First Tirthankara :-
Rishabh Dev ( who is considered to be the founder of this religion ) This is his symbol in relation to the Ikshvaku dynasty of Ayodhya - In the Hindu Puranas, it is considered an incarnation of Narayan.
(The first mention of Rishabh Dev comes from Rishabh Veda)
Second Tirthankara :-
Ajitnath (the first mention of him comes from Yajurveda)
19th Tirthankar :-
Mallinath (Neminath) who was also a contemporary of Vasudeva Krishna.
Note: - But till now the historicity and authenticity of the first 22 Tirthankars have not been accepted.
23 Tirthankar :-
Parshvanath ( who is considered to be the first historical Tirthankar ) was born in the kingdom of Kashi about 250 years before Mahavira .
- Father's name- Ashwasen
- Mother's name - Vama
- Planetary abandonment - 30 years
- Realization of real knowledge - 84th day
- His symbol - snake
- Degree - Nirgadh
Note:- The literal meaning of Nirgadha is bondless (one who has broken all the bonds)
Mahavir Swami :-
The 24th Tirthankar and the last Tirthankar Mahavir Swami, who is considered the real founder of Jainism.
- Born – 599/540 BC Kundagram (Vajji Sangh, Vaishali Republic)
- Father – Siddhartha
- Mother- Trishala (who was the sister of Lichchavi ruler Chetak)
- Kul – Jnyantri Kul (Siddhartha was the head of the Jnyantri clan)
- Own name – Vardhman
- Daughter – Priyadarshana (according to Shvetambara tradition)
- Gaining knowledge - After Vaishakh Shukla Dashami, Lord Mahavira attained 'Kaivalya Gyan' under the 'Sal tree' on the banks of river Rijubaluka.
- Jin - conqueror of the senses
- First sermon (place) - in Medhpur of Vipulachal hill Rajgriha.
- First Disciple – Jamali (son-in-law of Mahavir)
- First Disciple – Chandana (Champnaresh, daughter of Angnaresh)
- Language of preaching - Prakrit
- Follower rulers - Bimbisara, Ajatashatru, Udayin, Chandragupta Maurya, Amodhavansh
- South Dynasty - Gangavansh, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, Kadavavanshu, Chalukya Dynasty
- Other names of Mahavira - Veer, Ativir, Sanmati
- Insignia of Mahavira - Lion
- At the age of 72 years, Pava (Vihara) Mahavir Swami died .
According to the Uttaradhan Sutra of Jainism, Mahavira was first to be born from the womb of Devananda, wife of Rishabhdatta, but the gods did not accept that the Tirthankar should be born in a Brahmin family, so Lord Indra transferred them to Trishala's womb.
Branches of Jainism :-
Shwetambar: The people of this branch wear white clothes.
Digambar: The people of this branch do not wear clothes and remain naked.
5 Vrats of Jain Sadhu and Sadhvi :-
- 1) Ahimsa - not to kill.
- 2) Truth - Don't lie.
- 3) Asteya - Do not steal.
- 4) Aparigraha – Not collecting money.
- 5) Brahmacharya - observance of celibacy.
Note :- Till the 23rd Tirthankar these were four. Later (later) Mahavira added the fifth principle to it - (Brahmacharya)
Famous Jain pilgrimage :-
The mountains on which the famous Jain pilgrimage is situated.
- Sammedshikhar (Jharkhand)
- Shatrujay (Gujarat)
- Girnar (Gujarat)
Major Jain Caves :-
- Udayagiri and Khandagiri (Orissa)
- Ellora (Maharashtra)
Major Jain Temples :-
- Shravalbelagola (Karnataka)
- Palitana (Gujarat)
- Ranakpur (Rajasthan)
- Delwara (Rajasthan)
- Pava (Bihar)
- Jain Temple of Mahavir (Rajasthan)
Concept of Jain Philosophy :-
The most important concept of Jain philosophy is that the whole world is vital.
It is believed that life exists in stones, rocks, and even water. Non-violence towards living beings, especially not killing humans, animals, trees, plants, insects and insects is the central point of Jain philosophy.
The principle of Jain non-violence influenced the entire Indian tradition of thought.
According to Jain belief, the cycle of birth and rebirth is determined by karma. Freedom from the cycle of karma requires sacrifice and penance. This is also possible by giving up the world.
Buddhism :-
Buddhism is an ancient and great religion that originated from India.
Mahatma Buddha founded Buddhism.
Buddhism was established in the 6th century BC .
It is the third largest religion in the world after Christianity and Islam.
Most of the people who follow this religion are from China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and India.
Mahatma Buddha :-
Founder of Buddhism = Mahatma Buddha
Full name = Gautam Buddha
Childhood name = Siddhartha
Birth = 563 AD. Poo
Place of birth = Lumbini, Nepal
Father's name = Shushodhan
Mother's name = Mayadevi (she died 7 days after the birth of Buddha)
Stepmother = Prajapati Gautami (who brought her up)
lineage = Shakya dynasty
Wife = Yashodhara
son name = rahul
gotra = gautam
State name = Shakya Republic
Capital = Kapilvastu
Acquisition of knowledge = Niranjana / Punpuna at a place called Uranvela (Bodhgaya) under the banyan tree on the bank of the river.
Note: - Being of Shakya dynasty, Shakyamuni and being of Gautam gotra were called Gautam Buddha.
Pratham Upadhyay = Sarnath is a major Buddhist pilgrimage center located 10 km northeast of Kashi or Varanasi. After attaining enlightenment, Lord Buddha gave his first sermon here, which is named as the turning of the wheel of Dharma.
First disciple = Tapasu and Bhallinath to a banjara or vanik in Gaya.
Principal Disciple = Upali
Dear Disciple = Anand
First disciple = Aunt, Prajapati Gautami (first female follower at the behest of Anand)
Language of preaching = Pali
Most preaching place = Shravasti
Rulers following Buddha = Bimbisara, Ajatashatru, Prasenjit, Udayin, Pradhot, Avantiputra
Rulers who supported Buddhism = Ashoka, Harshavardhana, Kanishka, Menander
Places of life related to the life of Buddha = Lumbini, Sarnath, Kapilvastu, Bodh Gaya, Kushinagar, Kushinara
Ashta Mahasthan = Lumbini, Sarnath, Gaya, Kushinagar, Shravasti, Rajgriha, Vaishali, Skasya
Last sermon = to the sea of 120 years in Kushinagar
Death = 483 BC on the banks of Hiranvati river in Kushinagar
Note: - In Buddhism, salvation is called Nirvana. Nirvana literally means the extinguishing of the lamp. The death of Mahatma Buddha is called Mahaparinirvana and after death Mahatma Buddha is called Ajitabh.
Buddhist Triratna = Buddha, Dhamma, Sangh
philosophy = belief in atheistic reincarnation
Panchaskanda = form, pain, noun, science, culture
Nirvana :-
The literal meaning of Nirvana is the extinguishing of the lamp or the cooling down. That is, the state when the filthiness of the mind ends and cravings and sorrows end.
4 scenes seen by Buddha :-
- 1. old man
- 2 . a sick person
- 3. a corpse
- 4. a hermit
Teachings of Buddha :-
The teachings of Buddha are compiled in the Tripitaka.
Tripitaka is also called three baskets .
Tripitaka:
(i) Sutta Pitaka = Teachings of Buddha and Encyclopedia of Buddhism.
(ii) Vinay Pitaka = Sangh-related rules, daily ethics and rules, was a collection of rules for the people living in the Sangha or Buddhist monasteries.
(iii) Abhidhamma Pitaka = collection of philosophical principles or subjects related to philosophy.
By adopting the middle path between severe penance and passion, one can get freedom from the miseries of the world.
The existence of God is irrelevant.
This world is impermanent and is constantly changing.
Nothing is permanent in this world.
Humans have created society.
Buddha "You all be your own light because you have to find your own way of liberation.
Suffering is the only suffering in this world and the cause of sorrow is desire/greed and greed.
Why did Buddhism spread so fast?
- Buddhism was very simple.
- There was no caste system in it.
- Anyone could easily adopt it.
- Everyone was treated equally.
- There was no discrimination of high and low.
- attacked the caste system.
- Opposed Brahmanical rules.
- Women were also included in the union.
- Women were given the same rights as men.
- Buddhism was liberal and democratic.
- Did not believe in the existence of God and soul.
- The rules of the Buddhist Sangha were not very strict.
- Talk about adopting the middle path by opposing harsh tenacity.
Difference between Hinayana and Mahayana :-
| Hinayana | Mahayana |
|---|---|
| The ideals of Arhat have been accepted in Hinayana. | Acceptance of the ideal of Bodhisattva in Mahayana. |
| Buddha accepted as a great man. | Bodhisattvas :- They strive for the benevolence of others and do not attain Nirvana until others also see the way. Their difference from the normal human being is that they have the precision of the ten highest qualities which are called Paramita. |
| The attainment of the goal of Nirvana is possible through knowledge. | Buddha revered as God. |
| No idol worship. | The achievement of the goal is possible only with the compassion and devotion of Buddha. |
| Traditional Buddhism. | modified form |
Similarities between Buddhism and Jainism :-
- The importance of the path of retreat and renunciation.
- Due to the refutation of the authenticity of the Vedas, both were counted as atheist tradition.
- Rejected God as the creator of the universe.
- Theory of Karma and Reincarnation.
- Importance of principles of conduct.
- ideal of social equality.
- Based on karma at the place of birth.
- Attempt to destroy the caste system.
Difference between Buddhism and Jainism :-
Predominance of hard renunciation in Jainism while middle path in Buddhism.
Jainism believes in the eternal and eternal soul whereas Buddhism is animism.
According to Jainism, the goal of nirvana is possible only after the completion of the body, whereas according to Buddhism, that goal is possible only with the attainment of knowledge.
Violence has been given more importance in Jainism than in Buddhism.
Stupa :-
The literal meaning of Stupa is 'a heap of things'. The stupa probably evolved out of such an earthen platform, which was built on top of the funeral pyre or to keep the chosen ashes of the deceased. Stupas were also built at places related to important events of Gautam Buddha's life, birth, enlightenment, turning of the wheel of Dharma and Nirvana.
Sanchi-Stupa :-
- Sanchi is the name of a place in Bhopal and it is located in Madhya Pradesh.
- There is an ancient stupa in Sanchi, which is quite famous for its beauty.
- This ancient stupa of Sanchi was built by the great emperor Ashoka.
- The construction work of this stupa started from the 3rd century BC.
Protection of Sanchi Stupa :-
The 19th century Europeans were very interested in the Sanchi Stupa. Because the Sanchi Stupa was very beautiful and attractive.
The people of France demanded from Shahjahan Begum to take the archway to France to display the eastern archway of Sanchi (which was quite beautiful) in the French museum.
The British people also made similar efforts. But the Begum did not want this archway of Sanchi Stupa to go anywhere else, so Begum handed over a very carefully made plaster replica to the British and the French, and they were satisfied.
The Begums of Bhopal have contributed immensely in the preservation of the stupa, Shah Jahan Begum and Sultan Jahan Begum did many works for the preservation of the stupa. Donated money for maintenance.
Donated to build museums. John Marshall wrote many books, and the Begums also donated for their publication.
sacrifices and disputes
Yajna :-
- We get information about the Vedic tradition from the Rigveda.
- In the Rigveda, gods like Agni, Indra, Soma, etc. are worshipped.
- At the time of Yagya people pray for cattle, sons, health and long life.
- Initially, Yagyas were performed collectively. Later the owners of the house themselves started performing the Yagya.
- Rajasuye and Ashwamedha Yagyas are named after this Yagya was performed by the king or chieftain.
Debates and discussions :-
- Mahavira and Buddha raised questions on Yagyas.
- The teacher's job was to make the world aware with his knowledge and philosophy from one place to another.
- Teachers used to argue with common people.
- Discussions were held in huts, groves.
- Nomadic sages used to stay in such suburbs.
- In such a situation, the followers of these teachers went on becoming.
Structure of Stupa
- Stupa is also called Tila in Sanskrit language.
- The stupa was born out of an earthen mound with a hemisphere.
- It was later called Anda.
- Gradually its texture started changing.
- There was a harmika on the egg.
- This balcony-like structure was considered to be the house of the gods.
- A mast came out of the harmika, which was called a yashti, on which was often a chhatri.
- There was an altar around the mound. The archways add to the beauty of the stupas.
- The worshipers used to enter through the eastern archway and circumambulate the stupa.
How were stupas made?
The inscriptions found on the altars and pillars of stupas reveal the donations made for making and decorating them. Some donations were given by the kings (like the kings of the Satavahana dynasty) while some were given by the categories of craftsmen and traders.
For example, part of a pylon gate at Sanchi was made with donations from ivory craftsmen.
Hundreds of women and men have mentioned their names in the records of charity. Sometimes they would tell the name of their village or city and sometimes their profession (business), livelihood means and the names of relatives.
Monks and nuns also donated to build these buildings. The early stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut are without ornaments. Except they have stone altars and pylon gates.
Amaravati Stupa :-
Statues, stones were found in the form of relics in this stupa, which were later taken to different places.
- Bengal
- Madras
- London
Statues of Amaravati have been found in the gardens of British officers.
Why was Amaravati Stupa destroyed?
The Amaravati Stupa was a beautiful stupa like the Sanchi Stupa. Amaravati Stupa was in Andhra Pradesh.
In 1854, the Commissioner of Andhra Pradesh visited Amaravati.
He went there and collected many stones and idols and took them to Madras.
He told that the Amaravati stupa was the most magnificent stupa of the Buddhists.
In 1850, Amaravati stones were being taken to different places.
Some stones reached the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta.
Some stones reached Madras. Some stones reached London. Many idols were installed by the British officers in their gardens.
Every new officer used to take the idol from Amravati and used to say that even before us the officers have taken the idol, don't stop us.
A Different Thinking Person – H.H Call :-
Archaeologist H. H. Kaul was one of a handful of people who thought differently. He wrote that allowing the ancient artefacts of this country to be looted seems to me to be a suicidal and indefensible policy. They believed that plaster works of idols should be kept in museums while original works should be kept at the site of discovery. Unfortunately, the calls could not persuade the officials to agree to this at Amaravati, but the matter of protection at the site of the search was accepted for Sanchi.
Rise of Mythological Hinduism :-
- Hinduism is one of the oldest religion.
- It includes Vaishnava and Shaiva traditions.
- Vaishnava – One who considers Lord Vishnu as the main deity.
- Shaivism – One who considers Lord Shiva as the main deity.
- Many incarnations are given importance in Vaishnavism.
- It is believed that when sins increase in the world, the Lord comes in different incarnations to protect the world.
- Ten incarnations have been conceived in this tradition.
- Idol worship is done.
- Lord Shiva is depicted as his symbol Linga.
Construction of temples:-
Initially the temples were like a square room called the sanctum sanctorum.
There was a door in which one could go inside to worship.
Idols were worshipped.
Then in later times a structure was built on top of the sanctum which was called Shikhar.
Pictures were engraved on the walls of the temple.
Then gradually the methods of building temples were developed, now huge synagogues, high walls started being built in the temples.
In the beginning, some temples were made like caves by cutting mountains.
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History – Themes
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
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