❇️️️ Politics after 1971 :-
🔹Emergency was in force in India from 25 June 1975 for 18 months under the provision of Article 352 of the internal disturbances. Keeping in mind the integrity and security of the country in emergency, all the powers are vested in the central government.
❇️️️️ Major factors of emergency :-
1) Economic factors :-
🔹The slogan of Garibi Hatao did not do much.
🔹India's economy was heavily burdened by the Bangladesh crisis.
🔹America had stopped giving all kind of aid to India.
🔹Due to the increase in oil prices in the international market, the prices of various things had increased a lot.
🔹The rate of industrial development was very low.
🔹Unemployment was very high in urban and rural areas.
🔹The government had stopped the salary of government employees to reduce expenses.
2) Student Movement :-
🔹The students of Gujarat started the movement in January 1974 against the rising prices of food grains, edible oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high positions.
🔹In March 1974, students started a movement in Bihar against rising prices, lack of food grains, unemployment and corruption.
🔹Jai Prakash Narayan (JP) accepted the leadership of this movement on two conditions.
(a) The movement will be non-violent.
(b) It will not be limited to the monastery, but will be nationwide.
🔹Jayaprakash Narayan talked about the establishment of true democracy through total revolution.
JP led the 'Parliament-March' with the support of non-Congress parties like Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Congress (O), Bharatiya Lok Dal, Socialist Party.
🔹Indira Gandhi described this movement as inspired by personal opposition to herself.
3) Naxalite Movement :-
🔹During this period, the activity of some Marxist groups who did not believe in parliamentary politics increased.
🔹These groups resorted to weapons and anti-state methods to destroy the existing political system and capitalist system.
🔹In 1967, under the leadership of the people of the Communist Party of Marx, the farmers of the Naxalite area of Darjeeling district of West Bengal had a violent revolt, which is known as the Naxalite movement.
🔹In 1969, the CPI (Marxist-Leninist) party was formed under the leadership of Charu Mazumdar. This party adopted the strategy of guerrilla warfare for revolution.
🔹The Naxalites snatched the land by force from the rich landowners and gave it to the poor and landless people.
🔹At present, Naxalite violence is going on in more than 100 backward tribal districts of 9 states.
4) The following are their demands: -
🔹The people of these areas should be given basic entitlements like share in produce, fixed period of lease and fair wages.
🔹These people should be freed from forced labour, exploitation of resources by outsiders and exploitation by moneylenders.
5) Rail strike :-
🔹The National Committee formed under the leadership of George Fernandes went on strike in 1974 over the demands related to service and bonus etc. of railway employees.
🔹The government declared the strike unconstitutional and did not accept their demands.
🔹This created discontent among the workers, railway employees, common man and traders against the government.
️❇️️️ Struggle of Judiciary :-
🔹Provisions like reduction in the fundamental rights of the government, reduction in the right to property and giving more power to the fundamental rights to the Directive Principles were repealed by the Supreme Court.
🔹Govt. M . Shallett, K. s . Hegde and A. N. Ignoring Grover's seniority, A. N. Ray . Appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
🔹The judiciary and bureaucracy committed to these actions of the government started talking.
❇️️️️ Declaration of Emergency :-
🔹On 12 June 1975, Judge Jagmohan Lal Sinha of Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's 1971 Lok Sabha election as unconstitutional.
🔹On June 24, 1975, the Supreme Court, while staying the order of the High Court, said that till the decision of the appeal, Indira Gandhi would continue to be an MP but would not participate in the meetings of the cabinet.
🔹On June 25, 1975, under the leadership of JP, announced a nationwide Satyagraha at Ramlila Maidan in Delhi, demanding the resignation of Indira Gandhi. Demanded the resignation of Indira Gandhi.
🔹JP urged the army, police and government employees not to follow the immoral and illegal orders of the government.
🔹In the midnight of 25 June 1975, the Prime Minister recommended the President to impose emergency under Article 352 (in case of internal disturbances).
❇️️️️ Consequences of Emergency :-
🔹Opposition leaders were put in jail.
🔹Censorship imposed on the press.
🔹Ban on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Jamaat-e-Islami.
🔹Prohibition on picketing, demonstration and strike.
🔹The fundamental rights of citizens were nullified.
🔹Political activists were arrested by the government's Preventive Detention Act.
🔹The Indian Express and the Statesman newspapers used to leave in their blank the news which were prevented from printing.
🔹Journals like 'Seminar' and 'Mainstream' had stopped publication.
🔹Kannada writer Shivaram Karanth and Hindi writer Phanishwarnath Renu returned their titles to the government in protest against the Emergency.
🔹Note: - Many changes were made by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976), such as not being able to challenge the election of the Prime Minister, President and Vice President in court and increasing the term of the legislature from 5 years to 6 years etc.
❇️️️️ Controversy on Emergency :-
1) Side :-
🔹Democracy is hampered by frequent picketing and collective action.
🔹Opponents to resort to non-parliamentary politics.
🔹To create obstacles in the progressive programs of the government.
🔹International conspiracy against the unity of India.
🔹The Communist Party of India (CPI) supported Indira Gandhi's move to impose emergency.
2) Cons :-
🔹In a democracy, the people have the right to oppose the government.
🔹Protest movements should be non-violent and peaceful most of the time.
🔹The Ministry of Home Affairs did not express concern about law and order at that time.
🔹Constitutional provisions were misused for personal interest.
️ 3) Was the emergency necessary?
🔹In the constitution, it was said very simply that due to internal disturbances, emergency was imposed.
🔹Was this reason enough to impose emergency?
🔹The government said that there is democracy in India and the opposition party should allow the elected government to govern according to its policies.
🔹The government said that frequent dharna demonstrations, collective action is not good for democracy.
🔹In such a situation, the focus of the administration is distracted from the work of development.
🔹Indira wrote in a letter to the Shah Commission that destructive forces were obstructing the progressive programs of the government and wanted to oust me from power by unconstitutional means.
🔹During the Emergency, the CPI party supported Indira, but later she also realized that she made a mistake by supporting the Congress.
❇️️️ Work done during emergency :-
🔹The twenty-point program included works for the public good like land reforms, land redistribution, re-thinking on the wages of agricultural labourers, workers' participation in management, abolition of bonded labour, etc.
🔹Opponents were imprisoned under the preventive eyesight law.
🔹The power of newspaper offices was cut by verbal order.
🔹Work like removal of slums and forced sterilization were done in Delhi.
️ ❇️️️ Emergency lessons :-
🔹The strengths and weaknesses of Indian democracy were exposed during the Emergency, but soon functioning returned to the path of democracy.
🔹In this way it is very difficult to get democracy out of India. After the end of the Emergency, the courts have played an active role in protecting the civil rights of the individual and many organizations have come into existence to protect these rights.
🔹In the emergency provision of the Constitution, the word 'armed rebellion' has been added in place of the word 'internal disturbance'. Along with this, the Council of Ministers will give the advice of the declaration of emergency in writing to the President.
🔹During the Emergency, the ruling party used the police and administration as its political tool. These institutions could not function independently.
❇️️️️ Politics after Emergency :-
🔹In January 1977, the opposition parties together formed the Janata Party.
🔹Congress leader Babu Jagjivan Ram formed the "Congress for Democracy" party, which later joined the Janata Party.
🔹By making the issue of excesses of the Emergency, the Janata Party made the elections a referendum on it.
🔹In the 1977 elections, the Congress got 154 seats in the Lok Sabha and the Janata Party and its allies got 330 seats.
🔹In the 1977 elections, Congress got negligible seats in North India due to the effect of Emergency being more in North India.
🔹In the Janata Party government, Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister and Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram became the two Deputy Prime Ministers.
🔹This government fell quickly due to lack of any direction, leadership and a common program with the Janata Party.
🔹In the 1980 Lok Sabha elections, the Congress defeated the opponents by securing 353 seats.
️ ❇️️️ Shah Commission :-
🔹In May 1977, former Chief Justice of Supreme Court J. C . An inquiry commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Shah.
❇️️️️ Authentic facts collected by Samachar Shah Commission :-
🔹The decision to declare emergency was only of the Prime Minister.
🔹Switching off the electricity of newspaper offices was completely unjustified.
🔹The arrest of many opposition political leaders on the instructions of the Prime Minister was illegal.
MISA was misused.
🔹Some people, despite not being in official position, had interfered in government work.
❇️️️ The rise of civil liberties organizations :-
🔹The People's Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights emerged in October 1976.
🔹These organizations have asked people to be vigilant about their rights not only in emergency but also in normal circumstances.
🔹In 1980, the name of the People's Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights was changed to 'People's Union for Civil Liberties'.
🔹In the context of concerns related to poverty participation, democratization and fairness, Indian Civil Liberties Organizations (CLOS) have started working in many areas by organizing.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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