❇️️️ Politics after 1971 :-
๐นEmergency was in force in India from 25 June 1975 for 18 months under the provision of Article 352 of the internal disturbances. Keeping in mind the integrity and security of the country in emergency, all the powers are vested in the central government.
❇️️️️ Major factors of emergency :-
1) Economic factors :-
๐นThe slogan of Garibi Hatao did not do much.
๐นIndia's economy was heavily burdened by the Bangladesh crisis.
๐นAmerica had stopped giving all kind of aid to India.
๐นDue to the increase in oil prices in the international market, the prices of various things had increased a lot.
๐นThe rate of industrial development was very low.
๐นUnemployment was very high in urban and rural areas.
๐นThe government had stopped the salary of government employees to reduce expenses.
2) Student Movement :-
๐นThe students of Gujarat started the movement in January 1974 against the rising prices of food grains, edible oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high positions.
๐นIn March 1974, students started a movement in Bihar against rising prices, lack of food grains, unemployment and corruption.
๐นJai Prakash Narayan (JP) accepted the leadership of this movement on two conditions.
(a) The movement will be non-violent.
(b) It will not be limited to the monastery, but will be nationwide.
๐นJayaprakash Narayan talked about the establishment of true democracy through total revolution.
JP led the 'Parliament-March' with the support of non-Congress parties like Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Congress (O), Bharatiya Lok Dal, Socialist Party.
๐นIndira Gandhi described this movement as inspired by personal opposition to herself.
3) Naxalite Movement :-
๐นDuring this period, the activity of some Marxist groups who did not believe in parliamentary politics increased.
๐นThese groups resorted to weapons and anti-state methods to destroy the existing political system and capitalist system.
๐นIn 1967, under the leadership of the people of the Communist Party of Marx, the farmers of the Naxalite area of Darjeeling district of West Bengal had a violent revolt, which is known as the Naxalite movement.
๐นIn 1969, the CPI (Marxist-Leninist) party was formed under the leadership of Charu Mazumdar. This party adopted the strategy of guerrilla warfare for revolution.
๐นThe Naxalites snatched the land by force from the rich landowners and gave it to the poor and landless people.
๐นAt present, Naxalite violence is going on in more than 100 backward tribal districts of 9 states.
4) The following are their demands: -
๐นThe people of these areas should be given basic entitlements like share in produce, fixed period of lease and fair wages.
๐นThese people should be freed from forced labour, exploitation of resources by outsiders and exploitation by moneylenders.
5) Rail strike :-
๐นThe National Committee formed under the leadership of George Fernandes went on strike in 1974 over the demands related to service and bonus etc. of railway employees.
๐นThe government declared the strike unconstitutional and did not accept their demands.
๐นThis created discontent among the workers, railway employees, common man and traders against the government.
️❇️️️ Struggle of Judiciary :-
๐นProvisions like reduction in the fundamental rights of the government, reduction in the right to property and giving more power to the fundamental rights to the Directive Principles were repealed by the Supreme Court.
๐นGovt. M . Shallett, K. s . Hegde and A. N. Ignoring Grover's seniority, A. N. Ray . Appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
๐นThe judiciary and bureaucracy committed to these actions of the government started talking.
❇️️️️ Declaration of Emergency :-
๐นOn 12 June 1975, Judge Jagmohan Lal Sinha of Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's 1971 Lok Sabha election as unconstitutional.
๐นOn June 24, 1975, the Supreme Court, while staying the order of the High Court, said that till the decision of the appeal, Indira Gandhi would continue to be an MP but would not participate in the meetings of the cabinet.
๐นOn June 25, 1975, under the leadership of JP, announced a nationwide Satyagraha at Ramlila Maidan in Delhi, demanding the resignation of Indira Gandhi. Demanded the resignation of Indira Gandhi.
๐นJP urged the army, police and government employees not to follow the immoral and illegal orders of the government.
๐นIn the midnight of 25 June 1975, the Prime Minister recommended the President to impose emergency under Article 352 (in case of internal disturbances).
❇️️️️ Consequences of Emergency :-
๐นOpposition leaders were put in jail.
๐นCensorship imposed on the press.
๐นBan on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Jamaat-e-Islami.
๐นProhibition on picketing, demonstration and strike.
๐นThe fundamental rights of citizens were nullified.
๐นPolitical activists were arrested by the government's Preventive Detention Act.
๐นThe Indian Express and the Statesman newspapers used to leave in their blank the news which were prevented from printing.
๐นJournals like 'Seminar' and 'Mainstream' had stopped publication.
๐นKannada writer Shivaram Karanth and Hindi writer Phanishwarnath Renu returned their titles to the government in protest against the Emergency.
๐นNote: - Many changes were made by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976), such as not being able to challenge the election of the Prime Minister, President and Vice President in court and increasing the term of the legislature from 5 years to 6 years etc.
❇️️️️ Controversy on Emergency :-
1) Side :-
๐นDemocracy is hampered by frequent picketing and collective action.
๐นOpponents to resort to non-parliamentary politics.
๐นTo create obstacles in the progressive programs of the government.
๐นInternational conspiracy against the unity of India.
๐นThe Communist Party of India (CPI) supported Indira Gandhi's move to impose emergency.
2) Cons :-
๐นIn a democracy, the people have the right to oppose the government.
๐นProtest movements should be non-violent and peaceful most of the time.
๐นThe Ministry of Home Affairs did not express concern about law and order at that time.
๐นConstitutional provisions were misused for personal interest.
️ 3) Was the emergency necessary?
๐นIn the constitution, it was said very simply that due to internal disturbances, emergency was imposed.
๐นWas this reason enough to impose emergency?
๐นThe government said that there is democracy in India and the opposition party should allow the elected government to govern according to its policies.
๐นThe government said that frequent dharna demonstrations, collective action is not good for democracy.
๐นIn such a situation, the focus of the administration is distracted from the work of development.
๐นIndira wrote in a letter to the Shah Commission that destructive forces were obstructing the progressive programs of the government and wanted to oust me from power by unconstitutional means.
๐นDuring the Emergency, the CPI party supported Indira, but later she also realized that she made a mistake by supporting the Congress.
❇️️️ Work done during emergency :-
๐นThe twenty-point program included works for the public good like land reforms, land redistribution, re-thinking on the wages of agricultural labourers, workers' participation in management, abolition of bonded labour, etc.
๐นOpponents were imprisoned under the preventive eyesight law.
๐นThe power of newspaper offices was cut by verbal order.
๐นWork like removal of slums and forced sterilization were done in Delhi.
️ ❇️️️ Emergency lessons :-
๐นThe strengths and weaknesses of Indian democracy were exposed during the Emergency, but soon functioning returned to the path of democracy.
๐นIn this way it is very difficult to get democracy out of India. After the end of the Emergency, the courts have played an active role in protecting the civil rights of the individual and many organizations have come into existence to protect these rights.
๐นIn the emergency provision of the Constitution, the word 'armed rebellion' has been added in place of the word 'internal disturbance'. Along with this, the Council of Ministers will give the advice of the declaration of emergency in writing to the President.
๐นDuring the Emergency, the ruling party used the police and administration as its political tool. These institutions could not function independently.
❇️️️️ Politics after Emergency :-
๐นIn January 1977, the opposition parties together formed the Janata Party.
๐นCongress leader Babu Jagjivan Ram formed the "Congress for Democracy" party, which later joined the Janata Party.
๐นBy making the issue of excesses of the Emergency, the Janata Party made the elections a referendum on it.
๐นIn the 1977 elections, the Congress got 154 seats in the Lok Sabha and the Janata Party and its allies got 330 seats.
๐นIn the 1977 elections, Congress got negligible seats in North India due to the effect of Emergency being more in North India.
๐นIn the Janata Party government, Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister and Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram became the two Deputy Prime Ministers.
๐นThis government fell quickly due to lack of any direction, leadership and a common program with the Janata Party.
๐นIn the 1980 Lok Sabha elections, the Congress defeated the opponents by securing 353 seats.
️ ❇️️️ Shah Commission :-
๐นIn May 1977, former Chief Justice of Supreme Court J. C . An inquiry commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Shah.
❇️️️️ Authentic facts collected by Samachar Shah Commission :-
๐นThe decision to declare emergency was only of the Prime Minister.
๐นSwitching off the electricity of newspaper offices was completely unjustified.
๐นThe arrest of many opposition political leaders on the instructions of the Prime Minister was illegal.
MISA was misused.
๐นSome people, despite not being in official position, had interfered in government work.
❇️️️ The rise of civil liberties organizations :-
๐นThe People's Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights emerged in October 1976.
๐นThese organizations have asked people to be vigilant about their rights not only in emergency but also in normal circumstances.
๐นIn 1980, the name of the People's Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights was changed to 'People's Union for Civil Liberties'.
๐นIn the context of concerns related to poverty participation, democratization and fairness, Indian Civil Liberties Organizations (CLOS) have started working in many areas by organizing.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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