❇️️️️ International Organization :-
🔹International organizations are broad in their objectives. Those who play an important role in resolving disputes at the international level and in establishing peace and security and in creating a cordial environment between different countries.
❇️️️️ Requirement of international organizations :-
🔹There are some problems like this. Dealing with which is not easy for any one country, in such a situation, international organizations help.
🔹Peaceful settlement of international disputes.
🔹Helpful in the prevention of wars.
🔹Helpful in the economic development of the world.
🔹Dealing with natural calamities, epidemics.
🔹Promoting international cooperation.
🔹Tackling global warming.
❇️️️️ Main International Organization :-
- league of nations
- United Nations organization
- World Bank
- World Trade Organization
- International Monetary Fund
- Amnesty International
- Human Rights Watch.
- International Red Cross Society
❇️️️ UNO: -
| Establishment | 24 OCT 1945 |
| Member | 193 |
| the headquarters | New York |
🔹 The United Nations Organization (UNO) was established on 24 October 1945. The UNO is the successor to the League of Nations. At the time of the establishment of the United Nations, there were 51 members in the United Nations . India was also one of its founding members. As of May 2013 , the number of its members has increased to 193. The 193rd member is South Sudan. India became its member on 30 October 1945.
❇️️️ Objectives of the United Nations: -
- Stopping international conflicts.
- Showing cooperation between nations.
- To reduce the scope of hostilities if war breaks out in any country.
- To work for social, economic, development for the whole world.
- To help in any other problem like disaster, epidemic etc.
❇️️️️ Names of the organs of the United Nations :-
- 1) Security Council
- 2) International Court of Justice
- 3) Secretariat
- 4) General Assembly
- 5) Council of Trustees
- 6) Economic and Social Council
❇️️️️ Security Council :-
🔹The most powerful organ of the United Nations is the Security Council, it has a total of 15 members , it has five permanent members (USA, Russia, Britain, France and China) and ten non -permanent members who are elected for a term of two years .
🔹The permanent members have the power of veto (prohibition) . Since the Cold War, there has been a growing demand for reforms in the United Nations, both in its structure and in the process of working.
🔹Emphasis was laid on increasing the number of permanent and non-permanent members in the Security Council. Apart from this , emphasis was given to make the role of the United Nations more active on issues like poverty, hunger, disease, terrorism, environmental issues and human rights etc.
❇️️️️ General Secretary :-
🔹The Secretary-General is the representative of the United Nations. The name of the current Secretary General is Antonio Guterres (Portugal) .
❇️️️ Veto Power: -
🔹The veto is the right given to the permanent member countries of the Security Council of the United Nations, on the basis of which any country can stop the decision by going against its decision. The Security Council has five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. There are 15 members in all, each of whom has a vote value of 1.
❇️️️ Use of veto power till 2006 :-
- America = 82 times
- china = 4 times
- Russia = 122 times
- France = 18 times
- UK = 32 times
The difference between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council :-
❇️️️ Permanent Member :-
- Permanent members are permanently elected to the Security Council.
- They have veto power.
- Their number is five.
- They play an important role in all decisions of the Security Council.
- Can block any decision of the Security Council.
❇️️️Temporary Member :-
- They are elected to the Security Council for only two years.
- They do not have veto power.
- Their number is 10.
- Their role is not as important as that of the permanent members.
- They cannot stop any decision of the Security Council.
️❇️️️ India's contribution to the United Nations:-
🔹India has been continuously contributing to the programs of the United Nations. Whether it is a matter of peace, security, disarmament, the South Korea crisis, the Suez Canal issue or Iraq's invasion of Kuwait .
🔹Apart from this, India's role remains in the protection of human rights, in opposition to colonialism and apartheid and in educational, economic and cultural activities .
❇️️️️ Qualifications for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council :-
- great economic power.
- great military power.
- Large nation in terms of population.
- Consistent contribution to the budget of the United Nations.
- Respect democracy.
- This country represents diversity in terms of its geography, economy and culture.
❇️️️ Major UN agencies: -
1) World Health Organization (WHO)
2) United Nations, Educational, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
3) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
4) United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
5) United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHRC)
6) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
7) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
❇️️️️ Measures to make the United Nations more relevant in a polar world:-
- Establishment of Peace Foundation Commission.
- Establishment of Human Rights Council.
- Agreed on achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
- Establishment of a democracy fund.
- Condemn all forms of terrorism.
- Abolition of the Trusteeship Council.
🔹Today, in a polar world order, when America has dominated the whole world, then even the United Nations cannot completely curb American power, because America's contribution to its budget is more, in addition its headquarters are also American. It is situated on the land area. But despite this, the United Nations is the platform where the rest of the world can try to control it by talking to America.
❇️️️️ International organizations and NGOs :-
🔹Apart from the United Nations, there are many international organizations and non-governmental organizations which are constantly engaged in fulfilling their objectives such as :-
1) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
| Establishment | Designed in 1944 and signed in 1945 |
| the headquarters | Washington DC |
| Member | 189 (currently) |
Purpose :-
🔹Overseeing the financial system at the global level and providing financial and technical assistance.
2) World Bank (WB)
| Establishment | 1945 |
| Member | 189 |
| the headquarters | Washington DC |
Purpose :-
🔹Works for human development (education, health), agriculture and rural development, environmental protection, infrastructure and good governance.
3) WTO
| Establishment | Before 1995 (GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) used to be |
| the headquarters | Geneva |
| Member | 164 |
Purpose :-
🔹This international organization sets the rules of global trade.
️ 4) International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA )
🔹This organization seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent its use for military purposes.
️ 5) Amnesty International :-
| Establishment | 1961 |
| the headquarters | London |
Purpose :-
🔹It is a voluntary organization. It campaigns for the protection of human rights around the world.
6) Human Rights Watch :-
| Establishment | 1978 |
| the headquarters | New York |
Purpose :-
🔹This voluntary organization is also an international voluntary organization for human rights advocacy and research related to them.
❇️️️️ International Red Cross Society :-
🔹This society seeks to provide assistance to all victims of war and internal violence and to enforce rules prohibiting armed violence.
❇️️️️ Greenpeace :-
🔹The Green Peace Foundation, established in 1971, works to make the world community sensitive to the environment and pressurize them to make laws for environmental protection.
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History – Themes
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Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
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