🔹Indian leaders deep in democracy since the time of freedom movement. There was a commitment (faith). Therefore, India adopted the path of democracy after independence, while undemocratic governance was established in many countries that became independent at about the same time. There was an interim government in the country when the constitution came into force on 26 January 1950. Now elections were to be held for the new government according to the constitution.
️❇️️️ Election Commission :-
🔹The Election Commission was constituted in January 1950. Sukumar Sen became the first election commissioner.
❇️️️️ CHALLENGES OF ELECTION COMMISSION :-
🔹The size of the country was huge, and the population was high. In such a situation, it was difficult to conduct free and fair elections.
🔹The demarcation of constituencies was necessary.
🔹Obstacles in the way of making voter list. When the first voter list came out, the names of 40 lakh women were left out of it.
🔹To train officers and election workers.
🔹Thinking of a special method of voting due to low literacy.
🔹It was not easy to make the list again.
- Voters - 17 Crore
- MLA - 3200
- Lok Sabha MP - 489
- Literate voters - 15% only
- Election training was given to 3 lakh people.
🔹The dominance of one party in India was thus different from the dominance of one party in other countries of the world.
🔹The PRI was established in Mexico in 1929, which ruled Mexico for 60 years. But its form was that of complete dictatorship.
🔹The dominance of one party in the rest of the countries was maintained at the cost of democracy.
🔹In countries like China, Cuba and Syria, the constitution allows only one party.
🔹In countries such as Myanmar, Belarus and Eritrea, one party dominance was established through legal and military measures.
🔹The dominance of one party in India has been through democracy and free and fair elections.
❇️️️️ First General Election :-
🔹The first general elections were held from October 1951 to February 1952.
🔹
The Indian National Congress dominated the first three general elections.
🔹Election campaign, counting of votes took 6 months. And Congress won.
Seeing the successful voting, the critics were silenced, its success proved to be a milestone in history.
🔹Congress won 364 out of 489 Lok Sabha seats in the first election. The Communist Party of India came second with 16 seats.
🔹With this, the Congress won the assembly elections in that too. And Cochin, Madras, Orissa later Congress government was formed in these 3 states.
🔹In 1957, the Communist Party government was formed in Kerala. Congress got 60 seats out of 126.
❇️️️ The reason for the dominance of Congress :-
🔹The Congress party had the legacy of the freedom struggle. In those days it was the only party whose organization was strong all over India.
🔹The legacy of independence was achieved.
🔹There was a popular and charismatic leader like Jawaharlal Nehru in this party who led the party at the time of elections and toured the whole country.
🔹The rest of the parties came out of the Congress party itself.
🔹Congress was such a party which used to take everyone along. Such as - Hindu, Muslim, Amir, Poor, Left, Right, Moderate, Extremist, Laborer, Farmer, Industrialist etc.
🔹Used to resolve disputes between different classes in Congress.
🔹In the first general election, out of 489 seats, Congress alone won 364 seats. The Communist Party of India was victorious on the second number which won 16 seats.
🔹Congress was victorious in almost all the state elections and formed its government.
❇️️️ The emergence of opposition parties and their role in democracy :-
🔹There is a multi-party democracy system in India, but here for many years only one party dominated. Even at the time of independence, there were many vibrant opposition parties which were participating in the elections independently.
🔹Many of these parties existed even before the general elections of 1952. His role was important in the 60s and 70s.
🔹The presence of these parties has encouraged competition in health democracy which has made public aware of democracy.
🔹The presence of these parties has played a decisive role in maintaining the democratic character of our governance.
🔹The opposition parties kept the ruling party under control and often these parties changed the balance of power within the Congress party and strongly challenged the dominance of one party.
️❇️️️ Socialist Party :-
🔹The Congress Socialist Party was formed within the Congress itself in 1934 by a group of young leaders. These leaders wanted to make the Congress more and more transformative and egalitarian.
🔹The Congress Party amended its party constitution in 1948 so that no Congress member could take dual membership. This forced the socialist leaders within the Congress to form the Socialist Party in 1948.
❇️️️ Criticism of Congress by the leaders of Socialist ideology :-
🔹He used to criticize the Congress that Congress was favoring the capitalists and landlords.
🔹The socialists had to face a dilemma as the Congress declared in 1955 that their goal was to create a society with a socialist structure.
Ram Manohar Lohia increased his distance from the Congress and criticized the Congress.
️ ❇️️️ Split of Socialist Party :-
🔹The Socialist Party was divided into several pieces and in some cases there was a frequent reconciliation. Many socialist parties were formed in this process. The names of these parties are Kisan Mazdur Praja Party, Janata Party, Praja Socialist Party and Samyukta Socialist Party.
🔹Jayaprakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Mehta, Acharya Narendra Dev, Ram Manohar Lohia and S. M . Joshi was prominent among the leaders of the Samajwadi parties. Among the existing parties, Samajwadi Party, Janata Dal, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Janata Dal (Secular) have the imprint of the Socialist Party.
❇️️️ Establishment of Congress :-
🔹Congress was born in 1885. It was founded by a retired British officer A.O. At that time it was just an interest group of the newly educated, working and business classes. But in the 20th century it took the form of a movement.
🔹Gradually this party took the form of a universal political party and soon the Congress established its dominance in the political system.
🔹People of all ideologies such as revolutionary, pacifist, conservative and radical, extremist, moderate, right-wing left and people of many political ideologies were involved and participated in the national movement.
❇️️️️ Communist Party of India :-
🔹Inspired by Russia's Bolshevik Revolution, communist groups emerged in different parts of India in the 1920s.
🔹Since 1935, the communists worked within the purview of the Congress. These communists withdrew from the Congress in December 1941. At this time the communists decided to support Britain fighting against the Nazi Germans.
❇️️️️ Ideology :-
🔹The Communist Party of India had smooth missionary, cadre and dedicated workers as compared to other non-Congress parties. This party believed that the country which became independent in 1947 is not true independence.
🔹With this idea the party promoted violent insurgency in Telangana. The communists could not garner public support for their point of view and were suppressed by the armed forces.
🔹In 1951, the communists left the path of violent revolution and participated in the upcoming elections. In the first general elections, the Communist Party of India won 16 seats. It emerged as the single largest opposition party. This party got more support in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Kerala.
🔹The prominent leaders of this party were A. Of . Gopalan, S. a . Dange Namboodiripad, p. C . Joshi, Ajoy Ghosh and P. Sundaraiah's name is taken.
|
History – Themes
in Indian History |
||
|
Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
||
|
– Politics
in India since Independence |
||
|
Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
||
|
|
|
|
|
– Fundamental of Human Geography |
||
|
Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
||
|
Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
||
