❇️️ Alternative centers of power :-
🔹 After the partition of the Soviet Union, America's supremacy in the world has been established. Organizations of some countries have emerged as alternative centers of power. These organizations will limit America's dominance as these organizations are getting powerful politically and economically.
❇️️ Regional Organization :-
🔹 A regional organization is a treaty of voluntary communities of sovereign countries, within a specified area, and the common interest of those countries whose purpose is not to take aggressive action in relation to that area.
❇️️ Organization :-
- The European Union
- ASEAN
- brix
- SAARC
❇️️ Country :-
- China
- Japan
- India
- Israel
- Russia
❇️️ Objectives of Regional Organization :-
- To strengthen the spirit of unity among the member countries.
- Promote regional cooperation.
- To promote mutual trade among the members.
- Promote peace and harmony in the region.
- Settlement of disputes through mutual negotiations.
❇️️ Marshall Plan :-
🔹 After the Second World War, Europe suffered a lot and America helped tremendously to rebuild the economy of Western Europe of the American camp. Which is called the Marshall Plan.
🔹 The European Organization for Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 under the Marshall Plan.
🔹 European Council in 1949 – Overseeing political affairs.
🔹 The formation of the European Economic Communist in 1957.
🔹 So in 1992 the European Union was formed. The European Union has its own foreign policy, common currency, security policy, etc.
🔹 The European Union changed from an institution of economic cooperation to a more and more political one.
❇️ Formation of European Union: -
🔹 The dissolution of the USSR led to the formation of the European Union in 1992 which laid the foundation for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and the creation of a single currency.
Note: - The European Union tried to make its own constitution in 2003 but failed in it.
❇️ Objectives of the formation of the European Union :-
- Uniform foreign and security policy.
- Cooperation on matters relating to internal affairs and justice.
- Currency of the same currency.
- Visa free travel.
❇️️ Features of the European Union :-
🔹 The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to a political one.
🔹 The European Union has started functioning like a huge nation-state.
🔹 It has its own flag, anthem, foundation day and a currency of its own.
🔹It has largely shared foreign and security policy in terms of relations with other countries.
🔹 The flag of the European Union in the form of a circle of 12 gold stars is a symbol of completeness, inclusiveness, unity and reconciliation of the people there .
❇️️️ Factors or characteristics that make the European Union strong: -
🔹Economically, the European Union is the largest economy in the world. It had a GDP of over $12 trillion in 2005 .
🔹 On political and diplomatic grounds, Britain and France , the two members of the European Union, are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
🔹 In the defense sector, the combined armed forces of the European Union is the second largest in the world.
🔹 Its currency, the euro, has become a threat to the dominance of the US dollar. Its share in world trade is three times that of the US.
🔹The effect of its economic power is on the countries of Europe, Asia and Africa.
🔹 It acts as an important group within the WTO.
🔹 Its two member countries Britain and France are permanent members of the Security Council. Due to this, the European Union influences the policies of all nations, including the United States.
🔹 The member country of the European Union, France is a nuclear power.
🔹 As a transnational organization, the European Union is capable of interfering in economic, political and social affairs.
❇️️ Weaknesses of the European Union :-
🔹 Its member countries have their own foreign and defense policies, which are sometimes against each other.
🔹 For example, in the case of the attack on Iraq.
🔹 There is resentment in some parts of Europe over the introduction of the euro currency.
🔹 Denmark and Sweden oppose the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty and the euro as a common European currency.
🔹 Many member countries of the European Union were in the American alliance.
🔹 The UK left the European Union in a referendum in June 2016.
❇️️ Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) :-
🔹 In August 1967, five countries of the region Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand established 'ASEAN' by signing the Bangkok Declaration.
🔹 Later Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia were included and their membership increased to 10.
❇️️ Main objectives of ASEAN :-
🔹 To accelerate the economic development of the member countries.
🔹 To achieve social and cultural development through it.
🔹 Promoting regional peace and stability through the rule of law and compliance with the rules of the United Nations.
❇️️ ASEAN Style :-
🔹 ASEAN has earned a lot of fame by setting a new example of informal, confrontational and cooperative reconciliation. This came to be called the 'ASEAN Style'.
❇️️ Major pillars of ASEAN :-
🔹The objective of the ASEAN Economic Community is to create a common market and production base for the ASEAN countries and help in the social and economic development of the region.
🔹The ASEAN Socio - Cultural Community aims to promote dialogue and cooperation between ASEAN countries rather than conflict.
❇️️ ASEAN's Vision Document 2020 :-
🔹ASEAN is a rapidly growing important regional organization. In its Vision Document 2020, an outsized role of ASEAN in the international community has been highlighted. This has emerged from ASEAN's policy of promoting dialogue instead of confrontation.
❇️️ ASEAN Regional Forum :-
🔹 ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994. The purpose of which is to harmonize the security and foreign policies of the countries.
❇️️ Utility or relevance of ASEAN :-
🔹ASEAN's current economic strength is particularly reflected in trade and investment with rapidly developing Asian countries such as India and China.
🔹ASEAN has also focused on creating free trade zones in terms of investment, labor and services. The US and China have also shown interest in creating free trade zones.
❇️️ ASEAN and India :-
🔹After 1991, India has adopted the policy of 'Look East'. India has signed free trade agreements with two ASEAN member countries, Singapore and Thailand.
🔹India is also trying to have a free trade treaty with ASEAN. The real strength of ASEAN lies in its policy of constant dialogue and consultation between its member states, participating members and other non-regional organizations.
🔹It is the only organization in Asia that provides a forum for Asian countries and world powers to discuss political and security matters.
🔹Recently the Indian Prime Minister visited ASEAN countries and made agreements on increasing cooperation in various fields and introduced the concept of Act East Policy in place of Look East Policy.
🔹Under this, the heads of the ASEAN countries were invited as chief guests in the Republic Day celebrations of 2018.
❇️️ SAARC (SAARC) :-
🔹The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
🔹SAARC was established on 8 December 1985. At the time of the establishment of SAARC, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka were included in these 7 countries.
🔹Later it included Afghanistan. Its headquarter is in Kathmandu (Nepal).
❇️ Objectives of SAARC: -
- To improve the development and standard of living of the people in the countries of South Asia.
- Development of self-reliance.
- To develop economic
- Cultural and social development.
- mutual support .
- Settlement of mutual disputes.
- To promote business by increasing mutual trust.
❇️️ Look East Policy :-
🔹India adopted the Look East Policy from 1991. This increased its economic ties with the countries of East Asia such as ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea.
❇️ China's development :-
🔹Communist rule was established in China by the revolution of 1949. Initially communist economy was adopted here. But due to this China had to face the following problems
🔹China aimed for a large industrial economy to build a socialist model. In order to achieve this objective, all his resources were invested in the industry.
🔹China went ahead of developed countries in terms of providing employment, health facilities and social welfare schemes to its citizens, but the growing population was hindering development.
🔹Agriculture being based on traditional methods was not able to meet the needs of the industries there.
❇️️ Initiatives of Reforms in China :-
🔹In 1972, China ended its political and economic isolation by making relations with America.
🔹In 1973, Prime Minister Chou En Lai made four proposals for modernization in the fields of agriculture, industry, service and science-technology.
🔹In 1978, the then leader Deng Xiopeng announced a policy of economic reforms and opening up in China.
🔹Farming was privatized in 1982.
🔹Industries were privatized in 1998. Along with this, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established in China.
🔹China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. In this way, China has taken a step towards opening its economy to other countries.
❇️ Negative aspect of Chinese reforms :-
- There the benefits of economic development were not received by all the members of the society.
- Unemployment has increased due to the adoption of capitalist methods.
- There the employment and working conditions of women are not satisfactory.
- The income gap between village and city people and those living on the coastal and mainland has widened.
- Development activities have caused great damage to the environment.
- Corruption increased in administrative and social life in China.
❇️️ India's relations with China: in the area of dispute :-
🔹In 1950, China's decision to annex Tibet and establish settlements on the Indo-China border worsened relations between the two countries.
🔹China invaded India in 1962 to forcibly establish its claim on Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh.
🔹Helping Pakistan by China.
🔹China opposes India's nuclear tests.
🔹China's military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar are considered against Indian interests.
🔹The United Nations introduced a resolution banning the terrorist organization Jaish-e-Muhammad. This proposal was rejected due to the use of veto power by China.
🔹India introduced a resolution in the United Nations to declare Azhar Masood a terrorist, on which China used veto power.
🔹China's ambitious plan Ones Belt One Road, which will pass through PoK, is being taken as a strategy to encircle India.
🔹In the year 2017, there was a long dispute between the two countries over the claim of suzerainty over the territory of Bhutan, but the strategically important Doklam for India, due to which the relations between the two countries were strained. But India's diligent efforts to resolve this dispute and India's stand were appreciated at the global level.
❇️️ India's relations with China: Round of cooperation (area): :-
🔹With the change of Chinese leadership in the 1970s, practical issues are becoming dominant instead of ideological issues.
🔹In 1988, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China, after which an initiative was taken to maintain the status quo on the border dispute.
🔹The two countries have signed agreements to open four posts on the border for cultural exchange, mutual cooperation in the field of science and technology and trade.
🔹Bilateral trade has been growing at the rate of 30 per cent per annum since 1999. In the matter of securing energy deals abroad, the two countries have also agreed to find a solution through cooperation.
🔹On the global stage, India and China have adopted similar policies with respect to other international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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