❇️️️️ Indian National Army :-
🔹It was established by Subhas Chandra Bose during the Second World War.
❇️️️️ Foreign Policy :-
🔹Each country uses a special type of policy in establishing relations with other countries, which is called foreign policy.
❇️️️️ India's foreign policy :-
🔹India became independent under very challenging international conditions. At that time, almost the whole world was divided into two poles, in such a situation, the Prime Minister of India, Jawahar, decided India's foreign policy with great foresight. The country's first Prime Minister and External Affairs Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has an indelible mark on India's foreign policy.
❇️️️ The three main objectives of Nehru's foreign policy were :-
- 1) To preserve the sovereignty gained from the struggle.
- 2) To maintain territorial integrity.
- 3) To accelerate economic development.
❇️️️ Main principles of India's foreign policy :-
- non-alignment
- Disarmament
- The whole world is a family
- free and active participation in international affairs
- Panchsheel
- opposition to imperialism
- peaceful resolution of international disputes
❇️️️️ Non-Alignment Policy :-
🔹After independence, a major challenge before India was to preserve its sovereignty. Apart from this, India also had to achieve the goal of rapid economic and social development. Therefore, to achieve both these objectives, India adopted the policy of non-alignment as a major element of its foreign policy.
❇️️️️ Objective of the policy of non-alignment :-
🔹Through this policy, India could keep itself away from the conflicting camps of the Cold War and the military organizations run by them like - NATO, Warsaw Pact etc.
🔹At the same time, if needed, he could also get financial and strategic assistance from both the camps. New in Asia and Africa. Realizing the possibility of its important and special position in the future among independent countries, India strongly supported the process of de-colonialisation.
❇️️️️ Non-Aligned Movement :-
🔹In this episode, in 1955 , the Afro-Asian Conference was held in Bandung , Indonesia , in which the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement was laid.
🔹This movement formally started with the First Non-Aligned Conference in Belgrade in September 1961 .
🔹At present, there are 120 member countries of the Third World in this movement.
🔹In September 2016 , the 17th Conference of the Non- Aligned Movement was held in Venezuela.
🔹The 18th conference is proposed in Azerbaijan in June 2019.
❇️️️️️ Afro-Asian Unity :-
🔹During Nehru's time, India made contacts with the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa.
🔹In the 1940s and 1950s, Nehru advocated Asian unity with a loud voice.
🔹Under the leadership of Nehru, India organized the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 .
🔹Under the leadership of Nehru, India made a lot of efforts for the independence of Indonesia.
🔹In 1949, India held an international conference in support of Indonesia's independence.
🔹India supported the process of decolonization.
🔹India opposed apartheid especially in South Africa.
🔹The Afro-Asian Conference was held in 1955 in the Indonesian city of Bandung. In which the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement was laid.
❇️️️️ India-China Relations :-
🔹India was one of the first countries to recognize the Communist government of China after the Chinese Revolution in 1949. Nehru took the initiative to build good relations with China.
🔹Deputy Prime Minister and then Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel feared that China might attack India. The opposite of Nehru's view was that it is not possible.
❇️️️️ Panchsheel :-
🔹On 29 April 1954 , a bilateral agreement was signed between the Prime Minister of India, Pt. Nehru and the Premier of China, Chou En Lai.
🔹Which has the following five principles :-
- i) Not to attack against each other.
- ii) Not to interfere in each other's internal affairs.
- iii) Respect for each other's territorial integrity.
- iv) sense of equality and mutual friendship
- V) Peaceful co-existence
❇️️️️ Issues of dispute between India and China :-
❇️️️ The problem of Tibet :-
🔹When China took control of Tibet in 1950. The Tibetan people opposed this. India did not openly oppose it. Tibetan religious leader Dalai Lama sought political asylum from India along with his followers and in 1959 India granted him political asylum. China considered this move of India as interference in its internal affairs.
❇️️️ Boundary dispute :-
🔹The second major reason for the dispute between China and India was the border dispute. China asserts its authority over Aksai-Chin in the Ladakh part of Jammu and Kashmir and most parts of Arunachal Pradesh.
❇️️️ India China War :-
🔹In 1962, China attacked India. The Indian Army strongly opposed it. But the Chinese failed to stop the advance. Eventually China declared a unilateral ceasefire. By losing to China, India's image, especially Nehru's image, suffered a lot at the international level.
❇️️️ Consequences of the war :-
- India lost.
- Indian foreign policy was criticized.
- Many major military commanders resigned.
- Defense Minister VK Krishna Menon quits cabinet for the first time a no-confidence letter was brought against the government.
- The Communist Party in India was divided, Nehru's image was damaged.
❇️️️ Initiatives to improve India-China relations :-
🔹After 1962, India-China relations were resumed with the restoration of diplomatic relations in 1976.
🔹In 1979, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee (External Affairs Minister) and Shri Rajiv Gandhi visited China as the first Prime Minister after 1962, but trade relations with China were discussed more.
🔹In 2003 also Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China as Prime Minister in which it was agreed to open for trade the ancient Silk Route (Nathula Pass) which was closed since 1962. This also led to the recognition that China considers Sikkim a part of India.
Note: - India-China relations are spoiled by China claiming its claim in Arunachal Pradesh, China's friendship with Pakistan and Chinese help against India.
❇️️️ Steps taken to resolve disputes between India and China :-
🔹China and India are trying to resolve the border dispute. In 2014 , Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India. The main agreement in this was to open an alternative accessible road route for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
🔹President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee visited China in May 2016 This visit by China before the veto in favor of Pakistan terrorist Azhar Masood in the United Nations and supply of uranium to India by Nuclear Supply Group (NSG) It is getting in the shadow of complex issues like compelling India to sign the NPT.
🔹Efforts are being made by the Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the President of China Xi Jinping to give a positive shape to the relations between India and China.
🔹Both countries are determined to increase peace and transparency (on the India-China border). The Indian Prime Minister is emphasizing on P2P (People to People) relations based on the concept of STRENGTH .
🔶 STRENGTH :-
- S – Spirituality Spirituality
- T – Tradition, Trade, Technology
- R – Relationship
- E – Entertainment ( Art , movies )
- N - Nature Conservation
- G – Games
- T - Tourism,
- H - Health & Healing.
🔹The military conflict between India and China in the Doklam region started on 16 June 2017 and ended on 28 August 2017 due to the mutual diplomatic efforts of the two countries .
🔹Recently, in recognition of China's continuous demand from India, its consent was given on the resolution of the Security Council to declare Azhar Masood, the leader of Pakistan's terrorist organization Jaish-e-Muhammad as a global terrorist, which India- China can be seen as an improvement in relations.
❇️️️️ India and Russia Relations :-
- Both India and Russia have had good relations since the beginning.
- Russia has been helping India from the very beginning, then why should it not be an India-Pakistan war.
- Both the countries dream of a multipolar world and both countries believe in democracy.
- In 2001, 80 bilateral agreements were signed between India and Russia.
- India is a buyer of Russian arms.
- Oil is imported into India from Russia.
- India helps Russia in scientific plans.
- Russia supports India on Kashmir issue.
❇️️️ India-US relations: -
🔹Due to India's proximity to the Soviet Union, relations between America and India have been bad from the beginning. But after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the relations between India and America improved and at present the relations between India and America are very good.
❇️️️ Features of relations between India and America :-
- 65% of Indian software exports to US
- 35 percent of the employees of the American company Boeing are Indians.
- More than 3 lakh Indians are employed in Silicon Valley.
- Indians contribute a lot to American companies.
❇️️️️ India and Israel Relations :-
- India-Israel relations started in 1992.
- Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited India in 2017.
- Israel has helped India many times.
- Israel is the second largest supplier of arms to India after Russia.
- There is also mutual cooperation between the two countries in the field of agriculture.
- And Israel has helped India to increase irrigation methods and productivity of agriculture.
- For water conservation in India, Israel has built water sanitation plants in different areas.
- Israel is one of the few major importers of India in the economic sphere. Economic relations of both the countries are very good.
❇️️️️ India-Pakistan Relations :-
🔹Pakistan was born by the partition of India (1947). India's relations with Pakistan have been bitter since the beginning. In 1947 itself, a shadow war broke out between the armies of the two countries over the Kashmir issue. In this shadow war, Pakistan took unauthorized occupation of a large part of Kashmir. The Sir Creek Line, the Siachen Glacier, cross-border terrorism and the main cause of dispute between the two Kashmir.
❇️️️ Indus River Strait :-
🔹In 1960, the Indus River Strait was signed between the two in the mediation of the World Bank. It was signed by Pt Nehru and General Ayub Khan. Despite the controversies, this treaty has been implemented properly.
❇️️️ Pakistan's attack on India :-
🔹In 1965, Pakistan attacked India. The then Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri gave the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan". There was also a famine situation in India at this time. Our army had reached near Lahore. The war ended with the intervention of the United Nations (UNO).
❇️️️ Tashkent Agreement :-
🔹The Tashkent Agreement was signed in 1966 by Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri on behalf of India and General Ayub Khan, the President of Pakistan.
❇️️️ 20 year friendship treaty: -
In 1971, Pakistan got help from China and America. In this situation Mrs. Indira Gandhi signed a 20-year Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union.
❇️️️ 1971 War :-
🔹In 1971, Pakistan waged an all-out war against India. India emerged victorious. Pakistani army surrendered with 90000 soldiers. The new country Bangladesh emerged.
❇️️️ Shimla Agreement :-
🔹Shimla Agreement was signed in 1972 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on behalf of India and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on behalf of Pakistan.
❇️️️ Kargil conflict :-
🔹In 1999, India started the Delhi-Lahore bus service, taking the initiative to improve relations with Pakistan, but Pakistan started the Kargil conflict against India. In Kargil, those who called themselves Mujahideen captured many areas of strategic importance like Dras, Mashkoh, Watalik etc. The Indian Army valiantly evacuated its territories.
🔹Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's visit to India and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Pakistan were done to improve relations between the two countries. But the ceasefire violations and terrorist infiltration proceedings from Pakistan's side kept the relations between the two countries bitter.
❇️️️ Terror Attack of 2016 :-
🔹The terrorist attack by Pakistan-backed terrorists on the Army Headquarters in Uri in 2016 and the military action taken by India in retaliation increased the bitterness between the two countries.
❇️️️ 2018 Terrorist Infiltration :-
🔹Despite the peace efforts made by the Indian government with the newly elected government led by Imran Khan in Pakistan in 2018, the prospects for improving relations between the two countries continued to remain low due to continuous ceasefire violations and terrorist infiltration from Pakistan. have happened.
❇️️️ 2019 Terror Attack :-
🔹In January 2019, CRPF personnel were attacked by Pakistani terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir, in response to which the action taken by the Indian Air Force created situations of war between the two countries. Apart from this, India also took away the Most Favored Nation (MFN) status given to Pakistan in 1996.
❇️️️️ India and Nepal Relations :-
🔹 Controversy :-
- There was a difference of opinion between India and Nepal regarding trade.
- India is also concerned about the friendship between China and Nepal.
- India considers the growing Maoist supporters in Nepal as a threat to itself.
- India is also not happy with Nepal not taking action against anti-India elements.
- Nepal feels that India interferes in their internal affairs.
🔹 Cooperation :-
- India's cooperation in the field of science and trade.
- There is an agreement of free movement between both the countries, according to which any person can come from India to Nepal and Nepal to India without passport and visa.
- Nepal is being helped by India in many schemes.
❇️️️️️ India and Bhutan :-
- Relations between India and Bhutan are very good.
- Bhutan drove the anti-India extremists from here, which helped India.
- India is helping with projects like hydroelectric power in Bhutan.
- India gives maximum grant for development in Bhutan.
❇️️️️ India and Bangladesh Relations :-
🔹 Controversy :-
- Illegal entry of thousands of Bangladeshis into India.
- Ganga and Brahmaputra river water sharing.
- Non-export of natural gas by Bangladesh to India.
- Support of anti-India Muslim Jamaat by Bangladesh.
- Do not give way to the Indian army to go east.
❇️️️️ India and Sri Lanka Relations :-
🔹 Controversy :-
- tamil status
- The peace army sent by India in 1987 was considered by the people of Sri Lanka as interference in internal affairs.
🔹 Cooperation :-
- There is an agreement of free trade between both the countries.
- Help by India during the tsunami in Sri Lanka.
❇️️️️ Relations between India and Maldives :-
- In 1988, some soldiers from Sri Lanka attacked Maldives. Maldives asked India for help and India sent its army to help Maldives.
- Helping in the economic development of Maldives.
- India's support to Maldives' tourism and fishing industry
❇️️️️ India's nuclear program :-
🔹In May 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test in Pokhran, then in May 1998, in Pokhran itself, India declared itself nuclear by conducting five nuclear tests. Soon after, Pakistan also declared itself a nuclear power by conducting nuclear tests. These tests led to a new type of balance of power in the region. Many countries including America imposed economic sanctions on both the countries.
🔹India did not sign the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the 1995 "Comprehensive Test Prohibition Treaty" CTBT because India considers them discriminatory.
❇️️️️ India's nuclear policy :-
🔹India will use nuclear power for peaceful purposes. India will manufacture nuclear weapons for its own security and as per requirement. India will not use nuclear weapons first.
🔹The power to use nuclear weapons will be in the hands of the highest political authority. Political parties have a broad consensus on the issues of national integrity, security of the international boundary line and national interests apart from minor differences regarding Indian foreign policy.
🔹After the end of the Cold War in 1991, foreign policy was formulated keeping in mind the liberalization and globalization nurtured by the US and regional cooperation was also given special importance.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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