❇️️️️ Planning :-
🔹Planning means planning for the future to make the best use of available resources. Through planning, the goals like increase in production, increase in employment opportunities and economic stability are achieved.
❇️️️ Meaning of development of India :-
🔹After independence, almost everyone agreed that the development of India means both economic growth and economic social justice.
🔹It was also agreed that economic development and socio-economic justice cannot be left to the businessmen, industrialists and farmers alone.
🔹The government has to play a major role. At the time of independence, the measure of 'development' was considered to the western countries. To be modern meant to be like western industrialized countries.
❇️️️️ Leftists :-
🔹Such people who talk about the welfare of the poor.
🔹Support policies that provide relief to the poor.
❇️️️️ Right Wing :-
🔹It supports open competition and market economy.
🔹They say that the government should not interfere unnecessarily in the economy.
❇️️️️ Indian Development Model :-
🔹 There were two models of development, first - liberal / capitalist model and second - socialist model . India adopted the model of mixed economy (which included the merits of both the public and private sectors).
(i) Liberal /Capitalist Model – This model was adopted in most of the countries of Europe and America. Under this system, all the goods are produced by the private sector and the intervention of the government is negligible.
(ii) Socialist model – This model was adopted in Soviet Russia. Everything inside it is produced by the government. There is no private sector in the country and all the companies are under the government.
Note: - Considering both the sections, India adopted the model of mixed economy which included the qualities of both public and private sector.
❇️️️ Various areas of agreement and disagreement related to the model of economic development to be adopted in India after independence :-
❇️️️ Areas of consent: -
🔹India's development should mean economic growth and social justice.
🔹The issue of development cannot be left to the traders, industrialists and farmers only.
🔹Rather, the government should play a major role. The work of eradicating poverty and social and economic distribution was considered the primary responsibility of the government.
❇️️️ Areas of disagreement: -
🔹Disagreement on the role to be played by the government.
🔹Disagree on the importance attached to the need for justice if economic growth leads to inequality.
🔹Disagreements on the issue of industry versus agriculture and private versus public sector.
️ ❇️️️ Mixed Economy :-
🔹Mixed economy incorporates features of both socialism and capitalism. The development of small industries in the country was done in the private sector and the government took the responsibility of development of big industries on its shoulders.
❇️️️️ Bombay Plan :-
🔹In 1944, a group of industrialists prepared a proposal to run a planned economy in the country. This is called the Bombay Plan.
❇️️️ Objectives of Bombay Plan: -
🔹The intention of the Bombay Plan was that the government should take big steps in the field of industrial and other economic investment.
❇️️️️ Planning Commission :-
🔹The Planning Commission came into existence as soon as India became independent. The Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India. The Prime Minister became its chairman. This institution played the central and most influential role in deciding which path and strategy India would adopt for its development.
❇️️️️ Procedure of Planning Commission :-
🔹Like the Soviet Union, the Planning Commission of India also opted for five year plans.
🔹Government of India will prepare a document on its behalf, which will have its income and expenditure plan for the next five years.
🔹According to this plan, the budget of the central government and all the state governments was divided into two parts.
🔹One part was of non-plan expenditure. Under this, the day was to be spent on daily items on an annual basis. The second part was plan expenditure.
❇️️️ Main Functions of Planning Commission :-
- Estimating the resources and capital of the country.
- Planning of development and setting the priority of development.
- To find out the barriers to the development plan.
- Evaluate the plan of progress.
❇️️️️️ NITI Aayog :-
🔹NITI Aayog has come into existence in place of Planning Commission with effect from 01 January 2015 . It is headed by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the current Vice President is Rajiv Kumar . The term policy is an extension of the National Institute for Transforming India.
❇️️️️ National Development Council :-
🔹It was established on 6th August, 1952 AD .
🔹States should participate in the formulation of the plan. For this purpose the National Development Council was formed.
🔹It approves the five year plan of the country.
🔹Its President is the Prime Minister of the country. The Chief Ministers of all the states of India and the members of the Planning Commission are also its members.
❇️️️️ First Five Year Plan :-
- This scheme was from 1951 to 1956 .
- In this, more emphasis was on the agriculture sector.
- Under this scheme investment was made in the field of dams and irrigation.
- The Bhagra-Nangal project was one of them.
❇️️️️ Second Five Year Plan :-
- This scheme was from 1956 to 1961 .
- Emphasis was laid on the development of industries in this plan.
- The government imposed heavy duty on imports to protect domestic industries.
- The planner of this plan P. C . Mahalanobis was
❇️️️️ Kerala model of development :-
🔹The model adopted for development and planning in Kerala has been emphasizing on education, health, land reforms, effective food distribution and poverty alleviation.
🔹J. _ C . Gandhian economists like Kumarappa presented an alternative plan of development, with more emphasis on rural industrialization.
Chaudhary Charan Singh effectively raised the issue of keeping agriculture at the center of the planning of the Indian economy.
🔹Under land reforms, the abolition of the zamindari system, the consolidation of small pieces of land (consolidation) and to provide legal protection to the tenants who were plowing on someone else's land, and the creation of land ownership limit laws. Steps were taken.
🔹Due to drought and famine in the 1960s, the condition of agriculture went from bad to worse. Wheat had to be imported due to the food crisis.
❇️️️️ Green Revolution :-
🔹The government adopted a new strategy to ensure food security, which is known as the Green Revolution. Now decided to invest more resources in those areas where irrigation facilities were available and farmers were prosperous.
🔹The government started providing high quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation facilities at subsidized prices. Guaranteed to buy the produce at a fixed price. These joint efforts were called the Green Revolution. Father of Green Revolution in India M. s . Swaminathan is called
❇️️️ Positive Effects of Green Revolution :-
- Due to this the yield of agriculture increased.
- Due to this, the production of wheat increased.
- Areas like Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh prospered.
- The condition of the farmers improved.
❇️️️ Negative Effects of Green Revolution :-
🔹Regional and social inequality increased.
🔹Due to the Green Revolution, the gap between the poor farmer and the big landowner widened, which led to the rise of leftist organizations.
🔹The emergence of middle-class land-owning farmers.
❇️️️ White Revolution: -
🔹Varghese Kurian, popularly known as 'Milkman of India', played an important role in the Gujarat Co-operative Milk and Marketing Federation and started 'Amul'. In this 25 lakh milk producers of Gujarat were involved. The expansion of this model was called the White Revolution.
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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