✳️ Meaning of Cold War: -
🔹 Cold war means when there is such a situation between two or more countries that there will be war going on but in reality there is no war . In this there is full possibility of war, fear of war, fear, tension, struggle continues but war does not take place .
✳️️ Cold War :-
🔹 Cold War refers to the history of those bitter relations between the two superpowers of the world, America and the former Soviet Union, which were based on tension, fear, jealousy . After the Second World War, between 1945-1991 , there was a period of cold war between these two superpowers and the world was divided into two factions. It was an ideological and political struggle between the two.
✳️️ Beginning of Cold War :-
🔹 With the end of World War II, the Cold War began.
✳️️ End of Cold War :-
🔹 The Cuban Missile Crisis was the end of the Cold War. But the main reason for this is considered to be the disintegration of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991 due to a number of reasons, which marked the end of the Cold War as one of the two superpowers had now weakened .
✳️ Reasons for Cold War: -
🔹 The standing of the US and the Soviet Union against each other in the race to become a superpower became the reason for the Cold War.
🔹 It is not a matter of any nation to bear the brunt of the destruction caused by the atomic bomb.
🔹 Both the superpowers were endowed with nuclear weapons . They had nuclear weapons of such capability that they can cause unbearable damage to each other, so the chances of both of them getting into a bloody war are less.
🔹 In spite of provoking each other, no nation wanted to see war on its citizens.
🔹 Intense rivalry between the two nations.
✳️️ Cold War Battle of an ideology :-
🔹 The battle of ideologies between the US and the Soviet Union refers to which is the best theory to formulate economic, social life in the world .
🔹 The US believed that the capitalist economy was better for the world, while the Soviet Union believed that the socialist, communist economy was better.
✳️️ World War II factions :-
🔹 Allies – Soviet Union, France, Britain, United States of America won the World War II, these 4 nations are jointly known as Allies.
🔹 Axis nations – The nations which had to face defeat in the Second World War are known as Axis nations. These nations were Germany, Japan, Italy.
✳️️ End of World War II :-
🔹 The end of World War II In August 1945, the US dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and Japan had to kneel. After this the Second World War ended.
✳️️ Criticism of America :-
🔹 America knew that Japan was about to surrender. So there was no need to drop the bomb.
✳️️ America said in its favor :-
🔹 Supporters of America argued that the dropping of an atomic bomb was necessary to end the war as quickly as possible and to prevent further casualties for America and allies.
✳️️ Objective behind the attack :-
🔹 He also wanted to show to the Soviet Union that America is the biggest power.
✳️️ Cuba Missile Crisis :-
🔹 Cuba is a small island country located off the coast of America. It is close to America, but Cuba was associated with the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union used to give financial aid to it.
🔹 Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to turn Cuba into Russia's military base . In 1962, he turned Cuba into a Russian military base .
🔹 In 1962 Khrushchev deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba . For the first time with the deployment of these weapons, America came within close range of target . After this deployment of weapons, the Soviet Union could now attack almost twice as many bases or cities on the mainland of America than before .
🔹 America got the news after 3 weeks . US President John F. K. Neddy was hesitant to do anything that would lead to a war between the two. The US moved its war fleet to stop Soviet ships headed for Cuba. Such a situation arose between these two superpowers that it seemed that the war would continue. This event in history is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis .
Note: - The Cuban Missile Crisis is also called the climax of the Cold War. Because for the first time two big superpowers were face to face.
✳️️ Main leaders during the Cuban Missile Crisis :-
| 1 ) Cuba | Fidel Castro |
| 2) Soviet Union | Nikita Khuschev |
| 3) America | john f kennedy |
✳️️ Two - The beginning of the polar world :-
🔹 Both the superpowers were bent on expanding the scope of their influence on different parts of the world. After the end of the Second World War, America and the Soviet Union were divided into two factions, the world was divided in two, this is the two polar world.
🔹 The partition first started from the continent of Europe.
✳️️ Eastern Europe :-
🔹 Most of the countries of Eastern Europe joined the Soviet Alliance. This alliance is called the Eastern Alliance. The countries involved are – Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania etc.
✳️️ Western Europe :-
🔹 Most of the countries of Western Europe took the side of America. The group of these countries is called the Western Alliance. The countries included in this alliance are Britain, Norway, France, West Germany, Spain, Italy and Belgium etc.
✳️️ NATO ( NATO ) :-
🔹 The western alliance gave itself the form of an organization. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established on 4 April 1949 . In which 12 countries were involved.
🔹 This organization declared that if any one of these countries of North America or Europe is attacked, then all the countries involved in the organization will consider it as an attack on themselves. And every country involved in NATO will help each other.
Note :- Purpose : To save democracy in the world by America.
❇️ Inheritance Treaty: -
🔹 The Eastern Alliance led by the Soviet Union is known as the Warsaw Pact. It was established in 1955 and its main task was to compete in Europe with the countries involved in 'NATO'.
❇️️ Importance of small country for superpowers :-
🔹For important resources such as oil and minerals.
🔹Land area - so that the superpowers can operate their weapons and army from here.
🔹Military bases - from where the superpowers can spy on each other.
🔹Financial aid – in which many small countries involved in the alliance could be helpful in bearing military expenses.
🔹Ideology - The loyalty of the countries involved in the factions indicated that the superpowers were winning a mutual war of ideas.
🔹On the basis of the countries joining the bloc, they could think that liberal democracy and capitalism are far better than socialism and communism.
✳️️ Results of Cold War :-
- The birth of non-aligned countries.
- Despite many bloody battles, the third world war was averted.
- Many military organization treaties.
- Nuclear arsenal and arms race between the two superpowers.
- two polar worlds
Note: - To increase their influence, both the superpowers made treaties with other countries. Which was like this.
| military treaty | Organization |
|---|---|
| America | the Soviet Union |
| 1. NATO - (1949) | | |
| 2. SEATO – (1954) | | |
| 3. HUNDRED - (1955) | Warsaw Pact 1955 |
✳️ Positive steps by both the superpowers to reduce nuclear arsenal and arms race :-
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
- Nuclear Missile Delimitation Treaty (Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty)
❇️ SEATO and CENTO: -
🔹America adopted the method of alliance in East and South East Asia and West Asia, these alliances were called SEATO, CENTO.
❇️ SEATO:-
🔹 South – East Asian Treaty organization
🔹Establishment- 1954
🔹 Objective – To protect Southeast Asian countries from the expansionist policies of communists.
❇️ HUNDRED: -
🔹 Central Treaty Organization
🔹Establishment -1955
Note: - After this the Soviet Union strengthened relations with China, North Korea, Vietnam, Iraq.
✳️️ Scope of Cold War :-
🔹 Opportunities for crisis arose between the countries sitting in the opposing camps. There were wars. There was a possibility but no major war took place. More casualties occurred in some areas such as Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan. Bloody battles also took place during the Cold War.
✳️ Non-alignment :-
🔹 Non-alignment means keeping oneself apart from all the factions .
✳️ Non-aligned movement: -
🔹During the Cold War, a new movement was born in the midst of the tension of the two superpowers, which was to keep itself apart from the countries which were divided in two polarity, whose aim was world peace . This movement was named Non-Aligned Movement. The Non- Aligned Movement was a movement of the superpowers not to join the factions . But this was not to keep himself isolated from international affairs, but he was concerned with all international affairs.
✳️ Establishment of Non-Aligned Movement :-
🔹 In 1956, Joseph Bronz Tito of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt held a successful meeting . Due to which the Non-Aligned Movement was born.
✳️️ Names of the founding leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement :-
- (i) Joseph Branz Tito – Yugoslavia
- (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru - India
- (iii) Gamal Abdul Nasser – Egypt
- (iv) Sukarno – Indonesia
- (v) Wame Nkrumah – Ghana
✳️️ First Non-Aligned Conference :-
- Happened in Belgrade in 1961.
- 25 member countries participated in it.
✳️️ 14th Non-Aligned Conference :-
- 2006 took place in Cuba (Havana).
- 166 member countries and 15 observer countries participated.
✳️️ 17th Non-Aligned Conference :-
- Happened in Venezuela in 2016.
- It involved 120 member-countries and 17 observer countries.
✳️ What are the benefits to India by adopting non-alignment :-
🔹 Was able to take international decisions independently, such decisions in which India benefits and not any superpower.
🔹 Due to non-alignment, India has always been in such a position that if any one superpower goes against it, it can go to the other side, in such a way that no one can remain careless or pressurized about India.
✳️ Criticism of India's policy of non-alignment :-
🔹 Critics said that the policy of non-alignment is without principle, India avoids taking international decisions under its guise.
🔹 India's behavior is not stable, in India (1971) war was taken from the Soviet Union, otherwise it was assumed that we have joined the Soviet camp. The Soviet Union was our true friend, it has always helped us when we only took help.
️✳️ Non-Aligned is neither Separatism nor Tathastya :-
🔹 Isolation:- Isolation means to keep oneself away from international affairs. That is, just to be mean to oneself, to be separate from others. America did this (1789 - 1914) till it kept separatism as its own.
🔹 India did not do this, adopted non-alignment but did not adopt the policy of separatism.
🔹 India used to take help when needed and used to help others.
🔹 Tathastya :- Non- alignment does not mean following the religion of Tathastya, adopting Tathastya means mainly not to join the war but it is not necessary that it will help to end the war and this country will fight the war when it is right or wrong. have no side
🔹Non-aligned countries did not adopt Tathastya at all because India and other countries have always tried to reduce the enmity between the two superpowers.
✳️️ New International Economic Order :-
🔹 Most of the countries involved in the Non-Aligned Movement had got the status of underdeveloped countries, these countries were poor countries, the main challenge before them was to get their people out of poverty.
🔹 Economic development was necessary for them because without development no country can remain truly independent.
🔹In such a situation, countries can also be colonies (slaves), from this understanding the concept of the new international economic system was born.
🔹 In 1972, a report came out in the name of (UNO) Related Conference in Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
🔹 In this report, reforms from the global-trading system were proposed, in this report it was said: -
- 1) Underdeveloped countries will have rights on their natural resources, these countries can use these resources in their own way.
- 2) Underdeveloped countries will have access to the market of western countries, these countries will be able to sell their goods to western countries.
- 3) The technology technology imported or released in the western country will cost less.
- 4) Role of Least Developed Countries Their role in international economic institutions will be increased.
✳️️ Arms Control Treaties :-
1️⃣ L. T. B. T. Limited Nuclear Test Treaty: -
- 5 August 1963
2️⃣ SALT Strategic Delimitation Talks: -
- 1 ) 26 May 1972
- 2 ) 18 June 1972
3️⃣ START - Strategic Weapons Reduction Treaty: -
- 1 ) 31 July 1991
- 2 ) 3 January 1993
4️⃣ N. P. T. - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: -
- 1 July 1968
Note: - (Only five nuclear-rich countries could conduct nuclear tests, other countries could not.)
History – Themes
in Indian History
Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics
– Politics
in India since Independence
Geography – Indian
People and Economy
– Fundamental of Human Geography
Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition
Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems
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History – Themes
in Indian History |
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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